/*
 * Copyright (c) 2021 The XGo Authors (xgo.dev). All rights reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

// Package parser implements a parser for XGo source files. Input may be
// provided in a variety of forms (see the various Parse* functions); the
// output is an abstract syntax tree (AST) representing the Go source. The
// parser is invoked through one of the Parse* functions.
//
// The parser accepts a larger language than is syntactically permitted by
// the XGo spec, for simplicity, and for improved robustness in the presence
// of syntax errors. For instance, in method declarations, the receiver is
// treated like an ordinary parameter list and thus may contain multiple
// entries where the spec permits exactly one. Consequently, the corresponding
// field in the AST (ast.FuncDecl.Recv) field is not restricted to one entry.
package parser

import (
	"fmt"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"unicode"

	"github.com/goplus/xgo/ast"
	"github.com/goplus/xgo/scanner"
	"github.com/goplus/xgo/token"
	tplast "github.com/goplus/xgo/tpl/ast"
	tpl "github.com/goplus/xgo/tpl/parser"
	"github.com/qiniu/x/log"
)

const (
	msgTupleNotSupported = "tuple is not supported"
)

// Parser flags control parsing behavior using bitwise operations:
//
//	flagInLHS - parsing left-hand side expression (identifiers not resolved)
//	flagAllowCmd - allow command-style function calls without parentheses
//	flagAllowTuple - allow tuple expressions in this context
//	flagAllowRangeExpr - allow range expressions (first:last or first:last:step)
const (
	flagInLHS = 1 << iota
	flagAllowCmd
	flagAllowTuple
	flagAllowRangeExpr
	flagAllowKwargExpr
)

const (
	exprNormal = iota
	exprTuple  // (expr1, expr2, ...)
	exprKwarg  // name=expr
)

// The parser structure holds the parser's internal state.
type parser struct {
	file    *token.File
	errors  scanner.ErrorList
	scanner scanner.Scanner

	// Tracing/debugging
	mode   Mode // parsing mode
	trace  bool // == (mode & Trace != 0)
	indent int  // indentation used for tracing output

	// Comments
	comments    []*ast.CommentGroup
	leadComment *ast.CommentGroup // last lead comment
	lineComment *ast.CommentGroup // last line comment

	// Next token
	pos token.Pos   // token position
	tok token.Token // one token look-ahead
	lit string      // token literal
	old struct {
		pos token.Pos
		tok token.Token
		lit string
	}

	// Error recovery
	// (used to limit the number of calls to parser.advance
	// w/o making scanning progress - avoids potential endless
	// loops across multiple parser functions during error recovery)
	syncPos token.Pos // last synchronization position
	syncCnt int       // number of parser.advance calls without progress

	varDeclCnt int // number of var decl

	// Non-syntactic parser control
	exprLev int  // < 0: in control clause, >= 0: in expression
	inRHS   bool // if set, the parser is parsing a rhs expression

	// Ordinary identifier scopes
	pkgScope   *ast.Scope        // pkgScope.Outer == nil
	topScope   *ast.Scope        // top-most scope; may be pkgScope
	unresolved []*ast.Ident      // unresolved identifiers
	imports    []*ast.ImportSpec // list of imports

	// Label scopes
	// (maintained by open/close LabelScope)
	labelScope  *ast.Scope     // label scope for current function
	targetStack [][]*ast.Ident // stack of unresolved labels
}

func (p *parser) init(fset *token.FileSet, filename string, src []byte, mode Mode) {
	p.file = fset.AddFile(filename, -1, len(src))
	var m scanner.Mode
	if mode&ParseComments != 0 {
		m = scanner.ScanComments
	}
	eh := func(pos token.Position, msg string) { p.errors.Add(pos, msg) }
	p.scanner.Init(p.file, src, eh, m)

	p.mode = mode
	p.trace = mode&Trace != 0 // for convenience (p.trace is used frequently)
	p.next()
}

func (p *parser) initSub(file *token.File, src []byte, offset int, mode Mode) {
	p.file = file
	eh := func(pos token.Position, msg string) { p.errors.Add(pos, msg) }
	p.scanner.InitEx(p.file, src, offset, eh, 0)

	p.mode = mode
	p.trace = mode&Trace != 0 // for convenience (p.trace is used frequently)
	p.next()
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Scoping support

func (p *parser) openScope() {
	p.topScope = ast.NewScope(p.topScope)
}

func (p *parser) closeScope() {
	p.topScope = p.topScope.Outer
}

func (p *parser) openLabelScope() {
	p.labelScope = ast.NewScope(p.labelScope)
	p.targetStack = append(p.targetStack, nil)
}

func (p *parser) closeLabelScope() {
	// resolve labels
	n := len(p.targetStack) - 1
	scope := p.labelScope
	for _, ident := range p.targetStack[n] {
		ident.Obj = scope.Lookup(ident.Name)
		if ident.Obj == nil && p.mode&DeclarationErrors != 0 {
			p.error(ident.Pos(), fmt.Sprintf("label %s undefined", ident.Name))
		}
	}
	// pop label scope
	p.targetStack = p.targetStack[0:n]
	p.labelScope = p.labelScope.Outer
}

func (p *parser) declare(decl, data any, scope *ast.Scope, kind ast.ObjKind, idents ...*ast.Ident) {
	for _, ident := range idents {
		assert(ident.Obj == nil, "identifier already declared or resolved")
		obj := ast.NewObj(kind, ident.Name)
		// remember the corresponding declaration for redeclaration
		// errors and global variable resolution/typechecking phase
		obj.Decl = decl
		obj.Data = data
		ident.Obj = obj
		if ident.Name != "_" {
			if alt := scope.Insert(obj); alt != nil && p.mode&DeclarationErrors != 0 {
				prevDecl := ""
				if pos := alt.Pos(); pos.IsValid() {
					prevDecl = fmt.Sprintf("\n\tprevious declaration at %s", p.file.Position(pos))
				}
				p.error(ident.Pos(), fmt.Sprintf("%s redeclared in this block%s", ident.Name, prevDecl))
			}
		}
	}
}

func (p *parser) shortVarDecl(decl *ast.AssignStmt, list []ast.Expr) {
	// Go spec: A short variable declaration may redeclare variables
	// provided they were originally declared in the same block with
	// the same type, and at least one of the non-blank variables is new.
	n := 0 // number of new variables
	for _, x := range list {
		if ident, isIdent := x.(*ast.Ident); isIdent {
			assert(ident.Obj == nil, "identifier already declared or resolved")
			obj := ast.NewObj(ast.Var, ident.Name)
			// remember corresponding assignment for other tools
			obj.Decl = decl
			ident.Obj = obj
			if ident.Name != "_" {
				if alt := p.topScope.Insert(obj); alt != nil {
					ident.Obj = alt // redeclaration
				} else {
					n++ // new declaration
				}
			}
		} else {
			p.errorExpected(x.Pos(), "identifier on left side of :=", 2)
		}
	}
	if n == 0 && p.mode&DeclarationErrors != 0 {
		p.error(list[0].Pos(), "no new variables on left side of :=")
	}
}

// The unresolved object is a sentinel to mark identifiers that have been added
// to the list of unresolved identifiers. The sentinel is only used for verifying
// internal consistency.
var unresolved = new(ast.Object)

// If x is an identifier, tryResolve attempts to resolve x by looking up
// the object it denotes. If no object is found and collectUnresolved is
// set, x is marked as unresolved and collected in the list of unresolved
// identifiers.
func (p *parser) tryResolve(x ast.Expr, collectUnresolved bool) {
	// nothing to do if x is not an identifier or the blank identifier
	ident, _ := x.(*ast.Ident)
	if ident == nil {
		return
	}
	assert(ident.Obj == nil, "identifier already declared or resolved")
	if ident.Name == "_" {
		return
	}
	// try to resolve the identifier
	for s := p.topScope; s != nil; s = s.Outer {
		if obj := s.Lookup(ident.Name); obj != nil {
			ident.Obj = obj
			return
		}
	}
	// all local scopes are known, so any unresolved identifier
	// must be found either in the file scope, package scope
	// (perhaps in another file), or universe scope --- collect
	// them so that they can be resolved later
	if collectUnresolved {
		ident.Obj = unresolved
		p.unresolved = append(p.unresolved, ident)
	}
}

func (p *parser) resolve(x ast.Expr) {
	p.tryResolve(x, true)
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Parsing support

func (p *parser) printTrace(a ...any) {
	const dots = ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
	const n = len(dots)
	pos := p.file.Position(p.pos)
	fmt.Printf("%5d:%3d: ", pos.Line, pos.Column)
	i := 2 * p.indent
	for i > n {
		fmt.Print(dots)
		i -= n
	}
	// i <= n
	fmt.Print(dots[0:i])
	fmt.Println(a...)
}

func trace(p *parser, msg string) *parser {
	p.printTrace(msg, "(")
	p.indent++
	return p
}

// Usage pattern: defer un(trace(p, "..."))
func un(p *parser) {
	p.indent--
	p.printTrace(")")
}

func (p *parser) unget(pos token.Pos, tok token.Token, lit string) {
	p.old.pos, p.old.tok, p.old.lit = p.pos, p.tok, p.lit
	p.pos, p.tok, p.lit = pos, tok, lit
}

// Advance to the next token.
func (p *parser) next0() {
	if p.old.pos != 0 { // XGo: support unget
		p.pos, p.tok, p.lit = p.old.pos, p.old.tok, p.old.lit
		p.old.pos = 0
		return
	}

	// Because of one-token look-ahead, print the previous token
	// when tracing as it provides a more readable output. The
	// very first token (!p.pos.IsValid()) is not initialized
	// (it is token.ILLEGAL), so don't print it .
	if p.trace && p.pos.IsValid() {
		s := p.tok.String()
		switch {
		case p.tok.IsLiteral():
			p.printTrace(s, p.lit)
		case p.tok.IsOperator(), p.tok.IsKeyword():
			p.printTrace("\"" + s + "\"")
		default:
			p.printTrace(s)
		}
	}

	p.pos, p.tok, p.lit = p.scanner.Scan()
}

// Consume a comment and return it and the line on which it ends.
func (p *parser) consumeComment() (comment *ast.Comment, endline int) {
	// /*-style comments may end on a different line than where they start.
	// Scan the comment for '\n' chars and adjust endline accordingly.
	endline = p.file.Line(p.pos)
	if p.lit[1] == '*' {
		// don't use range here - no need to decode Unicode code points
		for i := 0; i < len(p.lit); i++ {
			if p.lit[i] == '\n' {
				endline++
			}
		}
	}

	comment = &ast.Comment{Slash: p.pos, Text: p.lit}
	p.next0()

	return
}

// Consume a group of adjacent comments, add it to the parser's
// comments list, and return it together with the line at which
// the last comment in the group ends. A non-comment token or n
// empty lines terminate a comment group.
func (p *parser) consumeCommentGroup(n int) (comments *ast.CommentGroup, endline int) {
	var list []*ast.Comment
	endline = p.file.Line(p.pos)
	for p.tok == token.COMMENT && p.file.Line(p.pos) <= endline+n {
		var comment *ast.Comment
		comment, endline = p.consumeComment()
		list = append(list, comment)
	}

	// add comment group to the comments list
	comments = &ast.CommentGroup{List: list}
	p.comments = append(p.comments, comments)

	return
}

// Advance to the next non-comment token. In the process, collect
// any comment groups encountered, and remember the last lead and
// line comments.
//
// A lead comment is a comment group that starts and ends in a
// line without any other tokens and that is followed by a non-comment
// token on the line immediately after the comment group.
//
// A line comment is a comment group that follows a non-comment
// token on the same line, and that has no tokens after it on the line
// where it ends.
//
// Lead and line comments may be considered documentation that is
// stored in the AST.
func (p *parser) next() {
	p.leadComment = nil
	p.lineComment = nil
	prev := p.pos
	p.next0()

	if p.tok == token.COMMENT {
		var comment *ast.CommentGroup
		var endline int

		if p.file.Line(p.pos) == p.file.Line(prev) || p.lit[0] == '#' {
			// The comment is on same line as the previous token; it
			// cannot be a lead comment but may be a line comment.
			comment, endline = p.consumeCommentGroup(0)
			if p.file.Line(p.pos) != endline || p.tok == token.EOF {
				// The next token is on a different line, thus
				// the last comment group is a line comment.
				p.lineComment = comment
			}
		}

		// consume successor comments, if any
		endline = -1
		for p.tok == token.COMMENT {
			comment, endline = p.consumeCommentGroup(1)
		}

		if endline+1 == p.file.Line(p.pos) {
			// The next token is following on the line immediately after the
			// comment group, thus the last comment group is a lead comment.
			p.leadComment = comment
		}
	}
}

// A bailout panic is raised to indicate early termination.
type bailout struct {
}

func (p *parser) error(pos token.Pos, msg string) {
	epos := p.file.Position(pos)

	// If AllErrors is not set, discard errors reported on the same line
	// as the last recorded error and stop parsing if there are more than
	// 10 errors.
	if p.mode&AllErrors == 0 {
		n := len(p.errors)
		if n > 0 && p.errors[n-1].Pos.Line == epos.Line {
			return // discard - likely a spurious error
		}
		if n > 10 {
			panic(bailout{})
		}
	}

	p.errors.Add(epos, msg)
}

func (p *parser) errorExpected(pos token.Pos, msg string, calldepth int) {
	msg = "expected " + msg
	if pos == p.pos {
		// the error happened at the current position;
		// make the error message more specific
		switch {
		case p.tok == token.SEMICOLON && p.lit == "\n":
			msg += ", found newline"
		case p.tok.IsLiteral():
			// print 123 rather than 'INT', etc.
			msg += ", found " + p.lit
		default:
			msg += ", found '" + p.tok.String() + "'"
		}
	}
	if debugParseError {
		log.Std.Output("", log.Linfo, calldepth, msg)
	}
	p.error(pos, msg)
}

func (p *parser) expect(tok token.Token) token.Pos {
	pos := p.pos
	if p.tok != tok {
		p.errorExpected(pos, "'"+tok.String()+"'", 3)
	}
	p.next() // make progress
	return pos
}

// expect2 is like expect, but it returns an invalid position
// if the expected token is not found.
func (p *parser) expect2(tok token.Token) (pos token.Pos) {
	if p.tok == tok {
		pos = p.pos
	} else {
		p.errorExpected(p.pos, "'"+tok.String()+"'", 3)
	}
	p.next() // make progress
	return
}

func (p *parser) expectIn() token.Pos {
	pos := p.pos
	switch p.tok {
	case token.ARROW: // <- (backward compatibility)
	case token.IDENT: // in
		if p.lit == "in" {
			break
		}
		fallthrough
	default:
		p.errorExpected(pos, "'in'", 3)
	}
	p.next() // make progress
	return pos
}

// expectClosing is like expect but provides a better error message
// for the common case of a missing comma before a newline.
func (p *parser) expectClosing(tok token.Token, context string) token.Pos {
	if p.tok != tok && p.tok == token.SEMICOLON && p.lit == "\n" {
		p.error(p.pos, "missing ',' before newline in "+context)
		p.next()
	}
	return p.expect(tok)
}

func (p *parser) expectSemi() {
	// semicolon is optional before a closing ')' or '}'
	if p.tok != token.RPAREN && p.tok != token.RBRACE {
		switch p.tok {
		case token.COMMA:
			// permit a ',' instead of a ';' but complain
			p.errorExpected(p.pos, "';'", 3)
			fallthrough
		case token.SEMICOLON:
			p.next()
		default:
			p.errorExpected(p.pos, "';'", 3)
			p.advance(stmtStart)
		}
	}
}

func (p *parser) atComma(context string, follow token.Token) bool {
	if p.tok == token.COMMA {
		return true
	}
	if p.tok != follow {
		msg := "missing ','"
		if p.tok == token.SEMICOLON && p.lit == "\n" {
			msg += " before newline"
		}
		msgctx := msg + " in " + context
		p.error(p.pos, msgctx)
		if debugParseError {
			log.Std.Output("", log.Linfo, 2, msgctx)
		}
		return true // "insert" comma and continue
	}
	return false
}

func assert(cond bool, msg string) {
	if !cond {
		panic("go/parser internal error: " + msg)
	}
}

// advance consumes tokens until the current token p.tok
// is in the 'to' set, or token.EOF. For error recovery.
func (p *parser) advance(to map[token.Token]bool) {
	for ; p.tok != token.EOF; p.next() {
		if to[p.tok] {
			// Return only if parser made some progress since last
			// sync or if it has not reached 10 advance calls without
			// progress. Otherwise consume at least one token to
			// avoid an endless parser loop (it is possible that
			// both parseOperand and parseStmt call advance and
			// correctly do not advance, thus the need for the
			// invocation limit p.syncCnt).
			if p.pos == p.syncPos && p.syncCnt < 10 {
				p.syncCnt++
				return
			}
			if p.pos > p.syncPos {
				p.syncPos = p.pos
				p.syncCnt = 0
				return
			}
			// Reaching here indicates a parser bug, likely an
			// incorrect token list in this function, but it only
			// leads to skipping of possibly correct code if a
			// previous error is present, and thus is preferred
			// over a non-terminating parse.
		}
	}
}

var stmtStart = map[token.Token]bool{
	token.BREAK:       true,
	token.CONST:       true,
	token.CONTINUE:    true,
	token.DEFER:       true,
	token.FALLTHROUGH: true,
	token.FOR:         true,
	token.GO:          true,
	token.GOTO:        true,
	token.IF:          true,
	token.RETURN:      true,
	token.SELECT:      true,
	token.SWITCH:      true,
	token.TYPE:        true,
	token.VAR:         true,
}

var declStart = map[token.Token]bool{
	token.CONST: true,
	token.TYPE:  true,
	token.VAR:   true,
}

var exprEnd = map[token.Token]bool{
	token.COMMA:     true,
	token.COLON:     true,
	token.SEMICOLON: true,
	token.RPAREN:    true,
	token.RBRACK:    true,
	token.RBRACE:    true,
}

// safePos returns a valid file position for a given position: If pos
// is valid to begin with, safePos returns pos. If pos is out-of-range,
// safePos returns the EOF position.
//
// This is hack to work around "artificial" end positions in the AST which
// are computed by adding 1 to (presumably valid) token positions. If the
// token positions are invalid due to parse errors, the resulting end position
// may be past the file's EOF position, which would lead to panics if used
// later on.
func (p *parser) safePos(pos token.Pos) (res token.Pos) {
	defer func() {
		if recover() != nil {
			res = token.Pos(p.file.Base() + p.file.Size()) // EOF position
		}
	}()
	_ = p.file.Offset(pos) // trigger a panic if position is out-of-range
	return pos
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Identifiers

func (p *parser) parseIdentOrOp() (*ast.Ident, bool) { // function Name
	if int(p.tok) < len(overloadOps) {
		flags := overloadOps[p.tok]
		if flags != 0 {
			pos := p.pos
			tok := p.tok
			p.next()
			if debugParseOutput {
				log.Printf("ast.Ident{Tok: %v}\n", tok)
			}
			return &ast.Ident{NamePos: pos, Name: tok.String()}, true
		}
	}
	return p.parseIdent(), false
}

const (
	opUnary = 1 << iota
	opBinary
	opAssign
	opAssignOp
	opIncDec
)

var overloadOps = [...]byte{
	token.ADD: opBinary,           // +
	token.SUB: opBinary | opUnary, // -
	token.MUL: opBinary | opUnary, // *
	token.QUO: opBinary,           // /
	token.REM: opBinary,           // %

	token.AND:     opBinary, // &
	token.OR:      opBinary, // |
	token.XOR:     opBinary, // ^
	token.SHL:     opBinary, // <<
	token.SHR:     opBinary, // >>
	token.AND_NOT: opBinary, // &^

	token.SRARROW:   opBinary, // ->
	token.BIDIARROW: opBinary, // <>

	token.ADD_ASSIGN: opAssignOp, // +=
	token.SUB_ASSIGN: opAssignOp, // -=
	token.MUL_ASSIGN: opAssignOp, // *=
	token.QUO_ASSIGN: opAssignOp, // /=
	token.REM_ASSIGN: opAssignOp, // %=

	token.AND_ASSIGN:     opAssignOp, // &=
	token.OR_ASSIGN:      opAssignOp, // |=
	token.XOR_ASSIGN:     opAssignOp, // ^=
	token.SHL_ASSIGN:     opAssignOp, // <<=
	token.SHR_ASSIGN:     opAssignOp, // >>=
	token.AND_NOT_ASSIGN: opAssignOp, // &^=

	token.ASSIGN: opAssign, // =

	token.INC: opIncDec, // ++
	token.DEC: opIncDec, // --

	token.EQL:  opBinary, // ==
	token.LSS:  opBinary, // <
	token.GTR:  opBinary, // >
	token.NEQ:  opBinary, // !=
	token.LEQ:  opBinary, // <=
	token.GEQ:  opBinary, // >=
	token.LAND: opBinary, // &&
	token.LOR:  opBinary, // ||
	token.NOT:  opUnary,  // !

	token.ARROW: opBinary | opUnary, // <-
}

func (p *parser) parseIdent() *ast.Ident {
	pos := p.pos
	name := "_"
	if p.tok == token.IDENT {
		name = p.lit
		p.next()
	} else {
		p.expect(token.IDENT) // use expect() error handling
	}
	if debugParseOutput {
		log.Printf("ast.Ident{Name: %v}\n", name)
	}
	return &ast.Ident{NamePos: pos, Name: name}
}

func (p *parser) parseIdentList() (list []*ast.Ident) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "IdentList"))
	}

	list = append(list, p.parseIdent())
	for p.tok == token.COMMA {
		p.next()
		list = append(list, p.parseIdent())
	}
	return
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Common productions

// If flagInLHS is set in flags, result list elements which are identifiers are
// not resolved.
// flags support flagInLHS, flagAllowCmd
func (p *parser) parseExprList(flags int) (list []ast.Expr) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "ExpressionList"))
	}

	list = append(list, p.checkExpr(p.parseExpr(flags)))
	for p.tok == token.COMMA {
		p.next()
		list = append(list, p.checkExpr(p.parseExpr(flags&flagInLHS))) // clear all but flagInLHS
	}
	return
}

// flags support flagAllowCmd
func (p *parser) parseLHSList(flags int) []ast.Expr {
	old := p.inRHS
	p.inRHS = false
	list := p.parseExprList(flags | flagInLHS)
	switch p.tok {
	case token.DEFINE:
		// lhs of a short variable declaration
		// but doesn't enter scope until later:
		// caller must call p.shortVarDecl(p.makeIdentList(list))
		// at appropriate time.
	case token.COLON:
		// lhs of a label declaration or a communication clause of a select
		// statement (parseLhsList is not called when parsing the case clause
		// of a switch statement):
		// - labels are declared by the caller of parseLhsList
		// - for communication clauses, if there is a stand-alone identifier
		//   followed by a colon, we have a syntax error; there is no need
		//   to resolve the identifier in that case
	default:
		// identifiers must be declared elsewhere
		for _, x := range list {
			p.resolve(x)
		}
	}
	p.inRHS = old
	return list
}

func (p *parser) parseRHSList() []ast.Expr {
	old := p.inRHS
	p.inRHS = true
	list := p.parseExprList(0)
	p.inRHS = old
	return list
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types

func (p *parser) parseType() ast.Expr {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "Type"))
	}

	typ := p.tryType()

	if typ == nil {
		pos := p.pos
		p.errorExpected(pos, "type", 2)
		p.advance(exprEnd)
		return &ast.BadExpr{From: pos, To: p.pos}
	}

	return typ
}

// If the result is an identifier, it is not resolved.
func (p *parser) parseTypeName(ident *ast.Ident) ast.Expr {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "TypeName"))
	}

	if ident == nil {
		ident = p.parseIdent()
	}
	// don't resolve ident yet - it may be a parameter or field name

	if p.tok == token.PERIOD {
		// ident is a package name
		p.next()
		p.resolve(ident)
		sel := p.parseIdent()
		return &ast.SelectorExpr{X: ident, Sel: sel}
	}

	return ident
}

const (
	stateArrayTypeOrSliceLit = iota
	stateTypeOrSliceOp
	stateType
)

const (
	resultNone      = 0
	resultArrayType = 1 << iota
	resultSliceLit
	resultSliceOp
	resultComprehensionExpr
	resultParenType
	resultType
	resultIdent     // expr or type
	resultExprFlags = resultSliceLit | resultSliceOp | resultComprehensionExpr
	resultTypeFlags = resultArrayType | resultParenType | resultType
)

// state = stateArrayTypeOrSliceLit | stateTypeOrSliceOp | stateType | ...
func (p *parser) parseArrayTypeOrSliceLit(state int, slice ast.Expr) (expr ast.Expr, result int) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "ArrayType"))
	}

	lbrack := p.expect(token.LBRACK)
	p.exprLev++
	var len ast.Expr
	// always permit ellipsis for more fault-tolerant parsing
	if p.tok == token.ELLIPSIS {
		len = &ast.Ellipsis{Ellipsis: p.pos}
		p.next()
	} else if p.tok != token.RBRACK {
		len = p.parseRHS()
		switch state {
		case stateArrayTypeOrSliceLit:
			switch p.tok {
			case token.COMMA: // [a, b, c, d ...]
				sliceLit := p.parseSliceOrMatrixLit(lbrack, len)
				p.exprLev--
				return sliceLit, resultSliceLit
			case token.FOR: // [expr for k, v in container if cond]
				phrases := p.parseForPhrases()
				p.exprLev--
				rbrack := p.expect(token.RBRACK)
				if debugParseOutput {
					log.Printf("ast.ComprehensionExpr{Tok: [, Elt: %v, Fors: %v}\n", len, phrases)
				}
				return &ast.ComprehensionExpr{
					Lpos: lbrack, Tok: token.LBRACK, Elt: len,
					Fors: phrases, Rpos: rbrack,
				}, resultComprehensionExpr
			}
		case stateTypeOrSliceOp:
			switch p.tok {
			case token.COLON: // slice[i:j:k]
				return p.parseIndexOrSliceContinue(slice, lbrack, len), resultSliceOp
			}
		}
	}
	p.exprLev--
	rbrack := p.expect(token.RBRACK)

	var elt ast.Expr
	switch state {
	case stateType:
		elt = p.parseType()
	case stateArrayTypeOrSliceLit:
		sliceLit := newSliceLit(lbrack, rbrack, len)
		elt, result = p.tryIdentOrType(stateTypeOrSliceOp, sliceLit)
		switch result {
		case resultNone:
			if debugParseOutput {
				log.Printf("ast.SliceLit{Elts: %v}\n", sliceLit.Elts)
			}
			return sliceLit, resultSliceLit
		case resultSliceOp:
			return elt, resultSliceOp
		}
		p.resolve(elt)
	case stateTypeOrSliceOp:
		elt = p.tryType()
		if elt == nil {
			if len == nil {
				log.Panicln("TODO: expect slice index")
			}
			if debugParseOutput {
				log.Printf("ast.IndexExpr{X: %v, Index: %v}\n", slice, len)
			}
			return &ast.IndexExpr{X: slice, Index: len}, resultSliceOp
		}
	default:
		panic("parseArrayTypeOrSliceLit: unexpected state")
	}

	if debugParseOutput {
		log.Printf("ast.ArrayType{Len: %v, Elt: %v}\n", len, elt)
	}
	return &ast.ArrayType{Lbrack: lbrack, Len: len, Elt: elt}, resultArrayType
}

// [first, ...]
// [first, a2, a2, ...; b1, b2, b3, ...]
func (p *parser) parseSliceOrMatrixLit(lbrack token.Pos, first ast.Expr) ast.Expr {
	var mat [][]ast.Expr
	elts := make([]ast.Expr, 1, 8)
	elts[0] = first
	for {
		switch p.tok {
		case token.COMMA:
		case token.SEMICOLON:
			mat = append(mat, elts)
			elts = make([]ast.Expr, 0, len(elts))
		case token.ELLIPSIS:
			n := len(elts)
			elts[n-1] = &ast.ElemEllipsis{Ellipsis: p.pos, Elt: elts[n-1]}
			p.next()
			continue
		default:
			goto done
		}
		p.next()
		if p.tok != token.RBRACK {
			elt := p.parseRHS()
			elts = append(elts, elt)
		}
	}
done:
	rbrack := p.expect(token.RBRACK)

	if mat != nil {
		if len(elts) > 0 {
			mat = append(mat, elts)
		}
		return &ast.MatrixLit{Lbrack: lbrack, Elts: mat, Rbrack: rbrack}
	}
	return &ast.SliceLit{Lbrack: lbrack, Elts: elts, Rbrack: rbrack}
}

func newSliceLit(lbrack, rbrack token.Pos, len ast.Expr) *ast.SliceLit {
	var elts []ast.Expr
	if len != nil {
		elts = []ast.Expr{len}
	}
	return &ast.SliceLit{Lbrack: lbrack, Elts: elts, Rbrack: rbrack}
}

func (p *parser) parseFieldDecl(scope *ast.Scope) *ast.Field {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "FieldDecl"))
	}

	doc := p.leadComment

	var names []*ast.Ident
	var typ ast.Expr
	switch p.tok {
	case token.IDENT:
		name := p.parseIdent()
		if p.tok == token.PERIOD || p.tok == token.STRING || p.tok == token.SEMICOLON || p.tok == token.RBRACE {
			// embedded type
			typ = name
			if p.tok == token.PERIOD {
				typ = p.parseQualifiedIdent(name)
			}
		} else {
			// name1, name2, ... T
			names = []*ast.Ident{name}
			for p.tok == token.COMMA {
				p.next()
				names = append(names, p.parseIdent())
			}
			// Careful dance: We don't know if we have an embedded instantiated
			// type T[P1, P2, ...] or a field T of array type []E or [P]E.
			if len(names) == 1 && p.tok == token.LBRACK {
				name, typ = p.parseArrayFieldOrTypeInstance(name, stateType)
				if name == nil {
					names = nil
				}
			} else {
				// T P
				typ = p.parseType()
			}
		}
	case token.MUL:
		star := p.pos
		p.next()
		if p.tok == token.LPAREN {
			// *(T)
			p.error(p.pos, "cannot parenthesize embedded type")
			p.next()
			typ = p.parseQualifiedIdent(nil)
			// expect closing ')' but no need to complain if missing
			if p.tok == token.RPAREN {
				p.next()
			}
		} else {
			// *T
			typ = p.parseQualifiedIdent(nil)
		}
		typ = &ast.StarExpr{Star: star, X: typ}

	case token.LPAREN:
		p.error(p.pos, "cannot parenthesize embedded type")
		p.next()
		if p.tok == token.MUL {
			// (*T)
			star := p.pos
			p.next()
			typ = &ast.StarExpr{Star: star, X: p.parseQualifiedIdent(nil)}
		} else {
			// (T)
			typ = p.parseQualifiedIdent(nil)
		}
		// expect closing ')' but no need to complain if missing
		if p.tok == token.RPAREN {
			p.next()
		}

	default:
		pos := p.pos
		p.errorExpected(pos, "field name or embedded type", 2)
		p.advance(exprEnd)
		typ = &ast.BadExpr{From: pos, To: p.pos}
	}

	var tag *ast.BasicLit
	if p.tok == token.STRING {
		tag = &ast.BasicLit{ValuePos: p.pos, Kind: p.tok, Value: p.lit}
		p.next()
	}

	p.expectSemi()

	field := &ast.Field{Doc: doc, Names: names, Type: typ, Tag: tag, Comment: p.lineComment}
	p.declare(field, nil, scope, ast.Var, names...)

	return field
}

func (p *parser) parseStructType() *ast.StructType {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "StructType"))
	}

	pos := p.expect(token.STRUCT)
	lbrace := p.expect(token.LBRACE)
	scope := ast.NewScope(nil) // struct scope
	var list []*ast.Field
	for p.tok == token.IDENT || p.tok == token.MUL || p.tok == token.LPAREN {
		// a field declaration cannot start with a '(' but we accept
		// it here for more robust parsing and better error messages
		// (parseFieldDecl will check and complain if necessary)
		list = append(list, p.parseFieldDecl(scope))
	}
	rbrace := p.expect(token.RBRACE)

	return &ast.StructType{
		Struct: pos,
		Fields: &ast.FieldList{
			Opening: lbrace,
			List:    list,
			Closing: rbrace,
		},
	}
}

func (p *parser) parsePointerType() *ast.StarExpr {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "PointerType"))
	}

	star := p.expect(token.MUL)
	base := p.parseType()

	return &ast.StarExpr{Star: star, X: base}
}

type field struct {
	name     *ast.Ident
	typ      ast.Expr
	optional token.Pos
}

func (p *parser) parseParameterList(scope *ast.Scope, name0 *ast.Ident, typ0 ast.Expr, closing token.Token) (params []*ast.Field) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "ParameterList"))
	}

	// Type parameters are the only parameter list closed by ']'.
	tparams := closing == token.RBRACK
	// Type set notation is ok in type parameter lists.

	pos := p.pos
	if name0 != nil {
		pos = name0.Pos()
	}

	var list []field
	var named int // number of parameters that have an explicit name and type

	for name0 != nil || p.tok != closing && p.tok != token.EOF {
		var par field
		if typ0 != nil {
			par = field{name: name0, typ: typ0, optional: token.NoPos}
		} else {
			par = p.parseParamDecl(name0)
		}
		name0 = nil // 1st name was consumed if present
		typ0 = nil  // 1st typ was consumed if present
		if par.name != nil || par.typ != nil {
			list = append(list, par)
			if par.name != nil && par.typ != nil {
				named++
			}
		}
		if !p.atComma("parameter list", closing) {
			break
		}
		p.next()
	}

	if len(list) == 0 {
		return // not uncommon
	}

	// TODO(gri) parameter distribution and conversion to []*ast.Field
	//           can be combined and made more efficient

	// distribute parameter types
	if named == 0 {
		// all unnamed => found names are type names
		for i := 0; i < len(list); i++ {
			par := &list[i]
			if typ := par.name; typ != nil {
				par.typ = typ
				par.name = nil
			}
		}
		if tparams {
			p.error(pos, "type parameters must be named")
		}
	} else if named != len(list) {
		// some named => all must be named
		ok := true
		var typ ast.Expr
		missingName := pos
		for i := len(list) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
			if par := &list[i]; par.typ != nil {
				typ = par.typ
				if par.name == nil {
					ok = false
					missingName = par.typ.Pos()
					n := ast.NewIdent("_")
					n.NamePos = typ.Pos() // correct position
					par.name = n
				}
			} else if typ != nil {
				par.typ = typ
			} else {
				// par.typ == nil && typ == nil => we only have a par.name
				ok = false
				missingName = par.name.Pos()
				par.typ = &ast.BadExpr{From: par.name.Pos(), To: p.pos}
			}
		}
		if !ok {
			if tparams {
				p.error(missingName, "type parameters must be named")
			} else {
				p.error(pos, "mixed named and unnamed parameters")
			}
		}
	}

	// convert list []*ast.Field
	if named == 0 {
		// parameter list consists of types only
		for _, par := range list {
			assert(par.typ != nil, "nil type in unnamed parameter list")
			params = append(params, &ast.Field{Type: par.typ, Optional: par.optional})
		}
		return
	}

	// parameter list consists of named parameters with types
	var names []*ast.Ident
	var typ ast.Expr
	var optional token.Pos
	addParams := func() {
		assert(typ != nil, "nil type in named parameter list")
		field := &ast.Field{Names: names, Type: typ, Optional: optional}
		// Go spec: The scope of an identifier denoting a function
		// parameter or result variable is the function body.
		p.declare(field, nil, scope, ast.Var, names...)
		params = append(params, field)
		names = nil
	}
	for _, par := range list {
		if par.typ != typ || par.optional != optional {
			if len(names) > 0 {
				addParams()
			}
			typ = par.typ
			optional = par.optional
		}
		names = append(names, par.name)
	}
	if len(names) > 0 {
		addParams()
	}
	return
}

func (p *parser) parseParamDecl(name *ast.Ident) (f field) {
	// TODO(rFindley) refactor to be more similar to paramDeclOrNil in the syntax
	// package
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "ParamDeclOrNil"))
	}

	ptok := p.tok
	if name != nil {
		p.tok = token.IDENT // force token.IDENT case in switch below
	}

	switch p.tok {
	case token.IDENT:
		// name
		if name != nil {
			f.name = name
			p.tok = ptok
		} else {
			f.name = p.parseIdent()
		}
		switch p.tok {
		case token.IDENT, token.MUL, token.ARROW, token.FUNC, token.CHAN, token.MAP, token.STRUCT, token.INTERFACE, token.LPAREN:
			// name type
			f.typ = p.parseType()

		case token.LBRACK:
			// name "[" type1, ..., typeN "]" or name "[" n "]" type
			f.name, f.typ = p.parseArrayFieldOrTypeInstance(f.name, stateType)

		case token.ELLIPSIS:
			// name "..." type
			f.typ = p.parseDotsType()
			return // don't allow ...type "|" ...

		case token.PERIOD:
			// name "." ...
			f.typ = p.parseQualifiedIdent(f.name)
			f.name = nil
		}

	case token.MUL, token.ARROW, token.FUNC, token.LBRACK, token.CHAN, token.MAP, token.STRUCT, token.INTERFACE, token.LPAREN:
		// type
		f.typ = p.parseType()

	case token.ELLIPSIS:
		// "..." type
		// (always accepted)
		f.typ = p.parseDotsType()
		return // don't allow ...type "|" ...

	default:
		// TODO(rfindley): this is incorrect in the case of type parameter lists
		//                 (should be "']'" in that case)
		p.errorExpected(p.pos, "')'", 2)
		p.advance(exprEnd)
	}

	if p.tok == token.QUESTION {
		f.optional = p.pos
		p.next()
	}

	return
}

func (p *parser) parseQualifiedIdent(ident *ast.Ident) ast.Expr {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "QualifiedIdent"))
	}

	typ := p.parseTypeName(ident)
	if p.tok == token.LBRACK {
		typ = p.parseTypeInstance(typ)
	}

	return typ
}

func (p *parser) parseDotsType() *ast.Ellipsis {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "DotsType"))
	}

	pos := p.expect(token.ELLIPSIS)
	elt := p.parseType()

	return &ast.Ellipsis{Ellipsis: pos, Elt: elt}
}

func (p *parser) parseParameters(scope *ast.Scope, ellipsisOk bool) *ast.FieldList {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "Parameters"))
	}
	_ = ellipsisOk

	var params []*ast.Field
	lparen := p.expect(token.LPAREN)

	if p.tok != token.RPAREN {
		params = p.parseParameterList(scope, nil, nil, token.RPAREN)
	}
	rparen := p.expect(token.RPAREN)

	return &ast.FieldList{Opening: lparen, List: params, Closing: rparen}
}

func (p *parser) parseResult(scope *ast.Scope) *ast.FieldList {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "Result"))
	}

	if p.tok == token.LPAREN {
		return p.parseParameters(scope, false)
	}

	typ := p.tryType()
	if typ != nil {
		list := make([]*ast.Field, 1)
		list[0] = &ast.Field{Type: typ}
		return &ast.FieldList{List: list}
	}

	return nil
}

func (p *parser) parseSignature(scope *ast.Scope) (params, results *ast.FieldList) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "Signature"))
	}

	params = p.parseParameters(scope, true)
	results = p.parseResult(scope)

	return
}

func (p *parser) parseFuncType() (*ast.FuncType, *ast.Scope) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "FuncType"))
	}

	pos := p.expect(token.FUNC)
	scope := ast.NewScope(p.topScope) // function scope
	params, results := p.parseSignature(scope)

	return &ast.FuncType{Func: pos, Params: params, Results: results}, scope
}

func (p *parser) parseMethodSpec(scope *ast.Scope) *ast.Field {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "MethodSpec"))
	}

	doc := p.leadComment
	var idents []*ast.Ident
	var typ ast.Expr
	x := p.parseTypeName(nil)
	if ident, isIdent := x.(*ast.Ident); isIdent && p.tok == token.LPAREN {
		// method
		idents = []*ast.Ident{ident}
		scope := ast.NewScope(nil) // method scope
		params, results := p.parseSignature(scope)
		typ = &ast.FuncType{Func: token.NoPos, Params: params, Results: results}
	} else {
		// embedded interface
		typ = x
		p.resolve(typ)
	}
	p.expectSemi() // call before accessing p.linecomment

	spec := &ast.Field{Doc: doc, Names: idents, Type: typ, Comment: p.lineComment}
	p.declare(spec, nil, scope, ast.Fun, idents...)

	return spec
}

func (p *parser) parseInterfaceType() *ast.InterfaceType {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "InterfaceType"))
	}

	pos := p.expect(token.INTERFACE)
	lbrace := p.expect(token.LBRACE)
	scope := ast.NewScope(nil) // interface scope
	var list []*ast.Field
	for p.tok == token.IDENT {
		list = append(list, p.parseMethodSpec(scope))
	}
	rbrace := p.expect(token.RBRACE)

	return &ast.InterfaceType{
		Interface: pos,
		Methods: &ast.FieldList{
			Opening: lbrace,
			List:    list,
			Closing: rbrace,
		},
	}
}

func (p *parser) parseMapType() *ast.MapType {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "MapType"))
	}

	pos := p.expect(token.MAP)
	p.expect(token.LBRACK)
	key := p.parseType()
	p.expect(token.RBRACK)
	value := p.parseType()
	if debugParseOutput {
		log.Printf("ast.MapType{Key: %v, Value: %v}\n", key, value)
	}
	return &ast.MapType{Map: pos, Key: key, Value: value}
}

func (p *parser) parseChanType() *ast.ChanType {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "ChanType"))
	}

	pos := p.pos
	dir := ast.SEND | ast.RECV
	var arrow token.Pos
	if p.tok == token.CHAN {
		p.next()
		if p.tok == token.ARROW {
			arrow = p.pos
			p.next()
			dir = ast.SEND
		}
	} else {
		arrow = p.expect(token.ARROW)
		p.expect(token.CHAN)
		dir = ast.RECV
	}
	value := p.parseType()

	return &ast.ChanType{Begin: pos, Arrow: arrow, Dir: dir, Value: value}
}

func (p *parser) parseTypeInstance(typ ast.Expr) ast.Expr {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "TypeInstance"))
	}

	opening := p.expect(token.LBRACK)
	p.exprLev++
	var list []ast.Expr
	for p.tok != token.RBRACK && p.tok != token.EOF {
		list = append(list, p.parseType())
		if !p.atComma("type argument list", token.RBRACK) {
			break
		}
		p.next()
	}
	p.exprLev--

	closing := p.expectClosing(token.RBRACK, "type argument list")

	if len(list) == 0 {
		p.errorExpected(closing, "type argument list", 2)
		return &ast.IndexExpr{
			X:      typ,
			Lbrack: opening,
			Index:  &ast.BadExpr{From: opening + 1, To: closing},
			Rbrack: closing,
		}
	}

	return packIndexExpr(typ, opening, list, closing)
}

func (p *parser) parseArrayFieldOrTypeInstance(x *ast.Ident, state int) (*ast.Ident, ast.Expr) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "ArrayFieldOrTypeInstance"))
	}

	lbrack := p.expect(token.LBRACK)
	trailingComma := token.NoPos // if valid, the position of a trailing comma preceding the ']'
	var args []ast.Expr
	if p.tok != token.RBRACK {
		p.exprLev++
		args = append(args, p.parseRHS())
		for p.tok == token.COMMA {
			comma := p.pos
			p.next()
			if p.tok == token.RBRACK {
				trailingComma = comma
				break
			}
			args = append(args, p.parseRHS())
		}
		p.exprLev--
	}
	rbrack := p.expect(token.RBRACK)

	if len(args) == 0 {
		// x []E
		elt := p.parseType()
		return x, &ast.ArrayType{Lbrack: lbrack, Elt: elt}
	}

	// x [P]E or x[P]
	if len(args) == 1 {
		elt, _ := p.tryIdentOrType(state, nil)
		if elt != nil {
			// x [P]E
			if trailingComma.IsValid() {
				// Trailing commas are invalid in array type fields.
				p.error(trailingComma, "unexpected comma; expecting ]")
			}
			return x, &ast.ArrayType{Lbrack: lbrack, Len: args[0], Elt: elt}
		}
	}

	// x[P], x[P1, P2], ...
	return nil, packIndexExpr(x, lbrack, args, rbrack)
}

// state = stateArrayTypeOrSliceLit | stateTypeOrSliceOp | stateType | ...
// If the result is an identifier, it is not resolved.
func (p *parser) tryIdentOrType(state int, len ast.Expr) (ast.Expr, int) {
	switch p.tok {
	case token.IDENT:
		typ := p.parseTypeName(nil)
		if p.tok == token.LBRACK {
			typ = p.parseTypeInstance(typ)
		}
		return typ, resultIdent
	case token.LBRACK:
		return p.parseArrayTypeOrSliceLit(state, len)
	case token.STRUCT:
		return p.parseStructType(), resultType
	case token.MUL:
		return p.parsePointerType(), resultType
	case token.FUNC:
		typ, _ := p.parseFuncType()
		return typ, resultType
	case token.INTERFACE:
		return p.parseInterfaceType(), resultType
	case token.MAP:
		return p.parseMapType(), resultType
	case token.CHAN, token.ARROW:
		return p.parseChanType(), resultType
	case token.LPAREN:
		lparen := p.pos
		p.next()
		typ := p.parseType()
		rparen := p.expect(token.RPAREN)
		return &ast.ParenExpr{Lparen: lparen, X: typ, Rparen: rparen}, resultParenType
	}

	// no type found
	return nil, resultNone
}

func (p *parser) tryType() ast.Expr {
	typ, _ := p.tryIdentOrType(stateType, nil)
	if typ != nil {
		p.resolve(typ)
	}
	return typ
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Blocks

func (p *parser) parseStmtList() (list []ast.Stmt) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "StatementList"))
	}

	for p.tok != token.CASE && p.tok != token.DEFAULT && p.tok != token.RBRACE && p.tok != token.EOF {
		list = append(list, p.parseStmt(flagAllowCmd))
	}

	return
}

func (p *parser) parseBody(scope *ast.Scope) *ast.BlockStmt {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "Body"))
	}

	lbrace := p.expect(token.LBRACE)
	p.topScope = scope // open function scope
	p.openLabelScope()
	list := p.parseStmtList()
	p.closeLabelScope()
	p.closeScope()
	rbrace := p.expect2(token.RBRACE)

	return &ast.BlockStmt{Lbrace: lbrace, List: list, Rbrace: rbrace}
}

func (p *parser) parseBlockStmt() *ast.BlockStmt {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "BlockStmt"))
	}

	lbrace := p.expect(token.LBRACE)
	p.openScope()
	list := p.parseStmtList()
	p.closeScope()
	rbrace := p.expect2(token.RBRACE)

	return &ast.BlockStmt{Lbrace: lbrace, List: list, Rbrace: rbrace}
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Expressions

func (p *parser) parseFuncTypeOrLit() ast.Expr {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "FuncTypeOrLit"))
	}

	typ, scope := p.parseFuncType()
	if p.tok != token.LBRACE {
		// function type only
		return typ
	}

	p.exprLev++
	body := p.parseBody(scope)
	p.exprLev--

	return &ast.FuncLit{Type: typ, Body: body}
}

func (p *parser) stringLit(pos token.Pos, val string) *ast.StringLitEx {
	parts := p.stringLitEx(nil, pos+1, val[1:len(val)-1])
	if parts != nil {
		return &ast.StringLitEx{Parts: parts}
	}
	return nil
}

func (p *parser) stringLitEx(parts []any, pos token.Pos, text string) []any {
	extra := false
loop:
	at := strings.IndexByte(text, '$')
	if at < 0 || at+1 == len(text) { // no '$' or end with '$'
		if extra {
			goto normal
		}
		return nil
	}
	switch text[at+1] {
	case '{': // ${
		from := at + 2
		left := text[from:]
		if left == "" { // "...${" (string end with "${")
			goto normal
		}
		end := strings.IndexByte(left, '}')
		if end < 0 {
			p.error(pos+token.Pos(at+1), "invalid $ expression: ${ doesn't end with }")
			goto normal
		}
		if at != 0 {
			parts = append(parts, text[:at])
		}
		to := pos + token.Pos(from+end)
		parts = p.stringLitExpr(parts, pos+token.Pos(from), to)
		pos = to + 1
		text = left[end+1:]
	case '$': // $$
		parts = append(parts, text[:at+2])
		pos += token.Pos(at + 2)
		text = text[at+2:]
	default:
		if extra || hasExtra(text[at+1:]) {
			p.error(pos+token.Pos(at), "invalid $ expression: neither `${ ... }` nor `$$`")
		}
		return nil
	}
	if text != "" {
		extra = true
		goto loop
	}
	return parts
normal:
	parts = append(parts, text)
	return parts
}

func hasExtra(text string) bool {
	for {
		at := strings.IndexByte(text, '$')
		if at < 0 || at+1 == len(text) { // no '$' or end with '$'
			return false
		}
		ch := text[at+1]
		if ch == '{' || ch == '$' {
			return true
		}
		text = text[at+2:]
	}
}

func (p *parser) stringLitExpr(parts []any, off, end token.Pos) []any {
	file := p.file
	base := file.Base()
	src := p.scanner.CodeTo(int(end) - base)
	expr, err := ParseExprEx(file, src, int(off)-base, 0)
	if err != nil {
		p.errors = append(p.errors, err...)
		expr = &ast.BadExpr{From: off, To: end}
	}
	parts = append(parts, expr)
	return parts
}

func (p *parser) domainTextLitEx(off, end token.Pos) *ast.DomainTextLitEx {
	file := p.file
	base := file.Base()
	src := p.scanner.CodeTo(int(end) - base)

	var args []ast.Expr
	var sp parser
	sp.initSub(file, src, int(off)-base, 0)

	for {
		expr := sp.parseRHS()
		args = append(args, expr)
		if sp.tok != token.COMMA {
			break
		}
		sp.next()
	}
	sp.expect(token.SEMICOLON)
	return &ast.DomainTextLitEx{
		Args:   args,
		RawPos: sp.pos,
		Raw:    string(src[int(sp.pos)-base:]),
	}
}

func (p *parser) tplLit(off, end token.Pos) any {
	file := p.file
	base := file.Base()
	src := p.scanner.CodeTo(int(end) - base)
	expr, err := tpl.ParseEx(file, src, int(off)-base, &tpl.Config{
		ParseRetProc: parseTplRetProc,
	})
	if err != nil {
		p.errors = append(p.errors, err...)
		return nil
	}
	return expr
}

func parseTplRetProc(file *token.File, src []byte, offset int) (tplast.Node, scanner.ErrorList) {
	return ParseExprEx(file, src, offset, 0)
}

// parseOperand may return an expression or a raw type (incl. array
// types of the form [...]T. Callers must verify the result.
// If lhs is set and the result is an identifier, it is not resolved.
// flags support flagInLHS, flagAllowTuple, flagAllowCmd
func (p *parser) parseOperand(flags int) (x ast.Expr, exprKind int) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "Operand"))
	}

	switch p.tok {
	case token.IDENT:
		ident := p.parseIdent()
		if p.tok == token.STRING && p.pos == ident.End() && p.lit[0] == '`' {
			// domain text: tpl`...`
			var pos, lit = p.pos, p.lit
			var extra any
			if ident.Name == "tpl" {
				extra = p.tplLit(pos+1, pos+token.Pos(len(lit))-1)
			} else if strings.HasPrefix(lit, "`> ") { // domainTag`> ...`
				extra = p.domainTextLitEx(pos+3, pos+token.Pos(len(lit))-1)
			}
			x = &ast.DomainTextLit{
				Domain:   ident,
				ValuePos: pos,
				Value:    lit,
				Extra:    extra,
			}
			if debugParseOutput {
				log.Printf("ast.DomainTextLit{Domain: %s, Value: %s}\n", ident.Name, lit)
			}
			p.next()
		} else {
			x = ident
			if flags&flagInLHS == 0 { // not inLHS
				p.resolve(x)
			}
		}
		return

	case token.STRING, token.CSTRING, token.PYSTRING, token.INT, token.FLOAT, token.IMAG, token.CHAR, token.RAT:
		bl := &ast.BasicLit{ValuePos: p.pos, Kind: p.tok, Value: p.lit}
		if p.tok == token.STRING && len(p.lit) > 1 {
			bl.Extra = p.stringLit(p.pos, p.lit)
		}
		p.next()
		if p.tok == token.UNIT {
			nu := &ast.NumberUnitLit{
				ValuePos: bl.ValuePos,
				Kind:     bl.Kind,
				Value:    bl.Value,
				Unit:     p.lit,
			}
			x = nu
			if debugParseOutput {
				log.Printf("ast.NumberUnitLit{Kind: %v, Value: %v, Unit: %v}\n", nu.Kind, nu.Value, nu.Unit)
			}
			p.next()
		} else {
			x = bl
			if debugParseOutput {
				log.Printf("ast.BasicLit{Kind: %v, Value: %v}\n", bl.Kind, bl.Value)
			}
		}
		return

	case token.LPAREN:
		lparen := p.pos
		p.next()
		allowTuple := flags&flagAllowTuple != 0
		if allowTuple && p.tok == token.RPAREN { // () => expr
			p.next()
			return &tupleExpr{opening: lparen, closing: p.pos}, exprTuple
		}
		p.exprLev++
		x = p.parseRHSOrType() // types may be parenthesized: (some type)
		if allowTuple && (p.tok == token.COMMA || p.tok == token.ELLIPSIS) {
			// (x, y, ...) => expr
			items := make([]ast.Expr, 1, 2)
			items[0] = x
			for p.tok == token.COMMA {
				p.next()
				items = append(items, p.parseRHSOrType())
			}
			t := &tupleExpr{opening: lparen, items: items, closing: p.pos}
			if p.tok == token.ELLIPSIS {
				t.ellipsis = p.pos
				p.next()
			}
			p.exprLev--
			p.expect(token.RPAREN)
			return t, exprTuple
		}
		p.exprLev--
		rparen := p.expect(token.RPAREN)
		if debugParseOutput {
			log.Printf("ast.ParenExpr{X: %v}\n", x)
		}
		return &ast.ParenExpr{Lparen: lparen, X: x, Rparen: rparen}, 0

	case token.FUNC:
		return p.parseFuncTypeOrLit(), 0

	case token.LBRACE:
		if flags&flagInLHS == 0 { // in RHS: mapLit - {k1: v1, k2: v2, ...}
			return p.parseLiteralValueOrMapComprehension(), 0
		}

	case token.MAP:
		oldpos, oldlit := p.pos, p.lit // XGo: save token to allow map() as a function
		p.next()
		pos, tok := p.pos, p.tok
		p.unget(oldpos, token.MAP, oldlit)
		if tok == token.LBRACK && (flags&flagAllowCmd == 0 || oldpos+3 == pos) {
			break
		}
		fallthrough
	case token.GOTO, token.TYPE, token.BREAK, token.CONTINUE, token.FALLTHROUGH:
		// token.RANGE, token.IMPORT, token.SELECT, token.INTERFACE:
		// XGo: allow goto() as a function
		p.tok = token.IDENT
		x = p.parseIdent()
		if flags&flagInLHS == 0 { // in RHS
			p.resolve(x)
		}
		return

	case token.ENV:
		return p.parseEnvExpr(), 0
	}

	typ, result := p.tryIdentOrType(stateArrayTypeOrSliceLit, nil)
	if (result & resultExprFlags) != 0 { // is an expr, not a type
		return typ, 0
	}
	if typ != nil {
		// could be type for composite literal or conversion
		_, isIdent := typ.(*ast.Ident)
		assert(!isIdent, "type cannot be identifier")
		return typ, 0
	}

	// we have an error
	pos := p.pos
	p.errorExpected(pos, "operand", 2)
	p.advance(stmtStart)
	return &ast.BadExpr{From: pos, To: p.pos}, 0
}

func (p *parser) parseEnvExpr() (ret *ast.EnvExpr) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "EnvExpr"))
	}
	ret = &ast.EnvExpr{TokPos: p.pos}
	p.next()
	if p.tok == token.LBRACE { // ${name}
		ret.Lbrace = p.pos
		p.next()
		ret.Name = p.parseIdent()
		ret.Rbrace = p.expect(token.RBRACE)
	} else { // $name
		ret.Name = p.parseIdent()
	}
	return
}

func (p *parser) parseSelector(x ast.Expr) ast.Expr {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "Selector"))
	}

	sel := p.parseIdent()

	return &ast.SelectorExpr{X: x, Sel: sel}
}

func (p *parser) parseTypeAssertion(x ast.Expr) ast.Expr {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "TypeAssertion"))
	}

	lparen := p.expect(token.LPAREN)
	var typ ast.Expr
	if p.tok == token.TYPE {
		// type switch: typ == nil
		p.next()
	} else {
		typ = p.parseType()
	}
	rparen := p.expect(token.RPAREN)

	return &ast.TypeAssertExpr{X: x, Type: typ, Lparen: lparen, Rparen: rparen}
}

func (p *parser) parseIndexOrSlice(x ast.Expr) ast.Expr {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "IndexOrSlice"))
	}
	lbrack := p.expect(token.LBRACK)
	p.exprLev++

	var idx ast.Expr
	if p.tok != token.COLON {
		idx = p.parseRHS()
	}
	return p.parseIndexOrSliceContinue(x, lbrack, idx)
}

func (p *parser) parseIndexOrSliceContinue(x ast.Expr, lbrack token.Pos, idx ast.Expr) ast.Expr {
	const N = 3 // change the 3 to 2 to disable 3-index slices
	var args []ast.Expr
	var index [N]ast.Expr
	var colons [N - 1]token.Pos
	if idx != nil {
		index[0] = idx
	}
	ncolons := 0
	switch p.tok {
	case token.COLON:
		// slice expression
		for p.tok == token.COLON && ncolons < len(colons) {
			colons[ncolons] = p.pos
			ncolons++
			p.next()
			if p.tok != token.COLON && p.tok != token.RBRACK && p.tok != token.EOF {
				index[ncolons] = p.parseRHS()
			}
		}
	case token.COMMA:
		// instance expression
		args = append(args, index[0])
		for p.tok == token.COMMA {
			p.next()
			if p.tok != token.RBRACK && p.tok != token.EOF {
				args = append(args, p.parseType())
			}
		}
	}

	p.exprLev--
	rbrack := p.expect(token.RBRACK)

	if ncolons > 0 {
		// slice expression
		slice3 := false
		if ncolons == 2 {
			slice3 = true
			// Check presence of middle and final index here rather than during type-checking
			// to prevent erroneous programs from passing through gofmt (was issue 7305).
			if index[1] == nil {
				p.error(colons[0], "middle index required in 3-index slice")
				index[1] = &ast.BadExpr{From: colons[0] + 1, To: colons[1]}
			}
			if index[2] == nil {
				p.error(colons[1], "final index required in 3-index slice")
				index[2] = &ast.BadExpr{From: colons[1] + 1, To: rbrack}
			}
		}
		return &ast.SliceExpr{X: x, Lbrack: lbrack, Low: index[0], High: index[1], Max: index[2], Slice3: slice3, Rbrack: rbrack}
	}

	if len(args) == 0 {
		if debugParseOutput {
			log.Printf("ast.IndexExpr{X: %v, Index: %v}\n", x, index[0])
		}
		// index expression
		return &ast.IndexExpr{X: x, Lbrack: lbrack, Index: index[0], Rbrack: rbrack}
	}

	// instance expression
	return packIndexExpr(x, lbrack, args, rbrack)
}

func packIndexExpr(x ast.Expr, lbrack token.Pos, exprs []ast.Expr, rbrack token.Pos) ast.Expr {
	switch len(exprs) {
	case 0:
		panic("internal error: packIndexExpr with empty expr slice")
	case 1:
		if debugParseOutput {
			log.Printf("ast.IndexExpr{X: %v, Index: %v}\n", x, exprs[0])
		}
		return &ast.IndexExpr{
			X:      x,
			Lbrack: lbrack,
			Index:  exprs[0],
			Rbrack: rbrack,
		}
	default:
		if debugParseOutput {
			log.Printf("ast.IndexListExpr{X: %v, Index: %v}\n", x, exprs)
		}
		return &ast.IndexListExpr{
			X:       x,
			Lbrack:  lbrack,
			Indices: exprs,
			Rbrack:  rbrack,
		}
	}
}

func (p *parser) parseCallOrConversion(fun ast.Expr, isCmd bool) *ast.CallExpr {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "CallOrConversion"))
	}
	var lparen, rparen token.Pos
	var endTok token.Token
	if isCmd {
		endTok = token.SEMICOLON
	} else {
		lparen, endTok = p.expect(token.LPAREN), token.RPAREN
	}
	p.exprLev++
	var args []ast.Expr
	var kwargs []*ast.KwargExpr
	var ellipsis token.Pos
	for p.tok != endTok && p.tok != token.EOF && !ellipsis.IsValid() {
		flags := flagAllowKwargExpr
		if isCmd && len(args) == 0 {
			flags |= flagAllowTuple // support fake command: f (arg1, arg2, ...)
		}
		expr, exprKind := p.parseRHSOrTypeEx(flags)
		if exprKind == exprTuple {
			t := expr.(*tupleExpr)
			if p.tok != token.SEMICOLON && p.tok != token.RBRACE && p.tok != token.EOF {
				p.error(t.opening, msgTupleNotSupported)
				p.advance(stmtStart)
			}
			args, lparen, ellipsis, rparen = t.items, t.opening, t.ellipsis, t.closing
			isCmd = true // force conversion of fake command to command
			break
		}
		if exprKind == exprKwarg {
			kwargs = append(kwargs, expr.(*ast.KwargExpr))
		} else {
			if len(kwargs) > 0 {
				p.error(expr.Pos(), "positional argument follows keyword argument")
			}
			args = append(args, expr) // builtins may expect a type: make(some type, ...)
			if p.tok == token.ELLIPSIS {
				ellipsis = p.pos
				p.next()
			}
		}
		if isCmd && p.tok == token.RBRACE {
			break
		}
		if !p.atComma("argument list", endTok) {
			break
		}
		p.next()
	}
	p.exprLev--
	var noParenEnd token.Pos
	if isCmd {
		noParenEnd = p.pos
	} else if rparen == token.NoPos {
		rparen = p.expectClosing(token.RPAREN, "argument list")
	}
	if debugParseOutput {
		log.Printf("ast.CallExpr{Fun: %v, Ellipsis: %v, isCmd: %v}\n", fun, ellipsis != 0, isCmd)
	}
	return &ast.CallExpr{
		Fun: fun, Lparen: lparen, Args: args, Ellipsis: ellipsis, Kwargs: kwargs, Rparen: rparen, NoParenEnd: noParenEnd}
}

// flags support flagInLHS (keyOk = true)
func (p *parser) parseValue(flags int) ast.Expr {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "Element"))
	}

	if p.tok == token.LBRACE {
		return p.parseLiteralValueOrMapComprehension()
	}

	// Because the parser doesn't know the composite literal type, it cannot
	// know if a key that's an identifier is a struct field name or a name
	// denoting a value. The former is not resolved by the parser or the
	// resolver.
	//
	// Instead, _try_ to resolve such a key if possible. If it resolves,
	// it a) has correctly resolved, or b) incorrectly resolved because
	// the key is a struct field with a name matching another identifier.
	// In the former case we are done, and in the latter case we don't
	// care because the type checker will do a separate field lookup.
	//
	// If the key does not resolve, it a) must be defined at the top
	// level in another file of the same package, the universe scope, or be
	// undeclared; or b) it is a struct field. In the former case, the type
	// checker can do a top-level lookup, and in the latter case it will do
	// a separate field lookup.
	x := p.checkExpr(p.parseExpr(flags))
	if flags&flagInLHS != 0 { // keyOk
		if p.tok == token.COLON {
			// Try to resolve the key but don't collect it
			// as unresolved identifier if it fails so that
			// we don't get (possibly false) errors about
			// undeclared names.
			p.tryResolve(x, false)
		} else {
			// not a key
			p.resolve(x)
		}
	}

	return x
}

func (p *parser) parseElement() ast.Expr {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "Element"))
	}

	x := p.parseValue(flagInLHS)
	if p.tok == token.COLON {
		colon := p.pos
		p.next()
		x = &ast.KeyValueExpr{Key: x, Colon: colon, Value: p.parseValue(0)}
	}

	return x
}

// {k1: v1, k2: v2, ...}
// {for k, v <- listOrMap, cond}
// {expr for k, v <- listOrMap, cond}
// {kexpr: vexpr for k, v <- listOrMap, cond}
func (p *parser) parseLiteralValueOrMapComprehension() ast.Expr {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "LiteralValue"))
	}

	lbrace := p.expect(token.LBRACE)
	var elts []ast.Expr
	var mce *ast.ComprehensionExpr
	p.exprLev++
	if p.tok != token.RBRACE {
		elts, mce = p.parseElementListOrComprehension()
	}
	p.exprLev--
	rbrace := p.expectClosing(token.RBRACE, "composite literal")
	if mce != nil {
		mce.Lpos, mce.Rpos, mce.Tok = lbrace, rbrace, token.LBRACE
		return mce
	}
	return &ast.CompositeLit{Lbrace: lbrace, Elts: elts, Rbrace: rbrace}
}

func (p *parser) parseElementListOrComprehension() (list []ast.Expr, mce *ast.ComprehensionExpr) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "ElementList"))
	}

	if p.tok == token.FOR {
		phrases := p.parseForPhrases()
		return nil, &ast.ComprehensionExpr{Fors: phrases}
	}
	for p.tok != token.RBRACE && p.tok != token.EOF {
		list = append(list, p.parseElement())
		if p.tok == token.FOR { // for k, v <- container
			if len(list) != 1 {
				log.Panicln("TODO: invalid comprehension: too may elements.")
			}
			phrases := p.parseForPhrases()
			return nil, &ast.ComprehensionExpr{Elt: list[0], Fors: phrases}
		}
		if !p.atComma("composite literal", token.RBRACE) {
			break
		}
		p.next()
	}
	return
}

func (p *parser) parseElementList() (list []ast.Expr) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "ElementList"))
	}

	for p.tok != token.RBRACE && p.tok != token.EOF {
		list = append(list, p.parseElement())
		if !p.atComma("composite literal", token.RBRACE) {
			break
		}
		p.next()
	}

	return
}

func (p *parser) parseLiteralValue(typ ast.Expr) ast.Expr {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "LiteralValue"))
	}

	lbrace := p.expect(token.LBRACE)
	var elts []ast.Expr
	p.exprLev++
	if p.tok != token.RBRACE {
		elts = p.parseElementList()
	}
	p.exprLev--
	rbrace := p.expectClosing(token.RBRACE, "composite literal")
	return &ast.CompositeLit{Type: typ, Lbrace: lbrace, Elts: elts, Rbrace: rbrace}
}

// checkExpr checks that x is an expression (and not a type).
func (p *parser) checkExpr(x ast.Expr) ast.Expr {
	switch v := unparen(x).(type) {
	case *ast.BadExpr:
	case *ast.Ident:
	case *ast.BasicLit:
	case *ast.FuncLit:
	case *ast.CompositeLit:
	case *ast.SliceLit:
	case *ast.ComprehensionExpr:
	case *ast.SelectorExpr:
	case *ast.IndexExpr:
	case *ast.IndexListExpr:
	case *ast.ArrayType:
	case *ast.StructType:
	case *ast.InterfaceType:
	case *ast.FuncType:
	case *ast.MapType:
	case *ast.ChanType:
	case *ast.SliceExpr:
	case *ast.TypeAssertExpr:
		// If t.Type == nil we have a type assertion of the form
		// y.(type), which is only allowed in type switch expressions.
		// It's hard to exclude those but for the case where we are in
		// a type switch. Instead be lenient and test this in the type
		// checker.
	case *ast.CallExpr:
	case *ast.StarExpr:
	case *ast.UnaryExpr:
	case *ast.BinaryExpr:
	case *ast.RangeExpr:
	case *ast.ErrWrapExpr:
	case *ast.LambdaExpr:
	case *ast.LambdaExpr2:
	case *tupleExpr:
		p.error(v.opening, msgTupleNotSupported)
		x = &ast.BadExpr{From: v.opening, To: v.closing}
	case *ast.EnvExpr:
	case *ast.ElemEllipsis:
	case *ast.NumberUnitLit:
	case *ast.DomainTextLit:
	default:
		// all other nodes are not proper expressions
		p.errorExpected(x.Pos(), "expression", 3)
		x = &ast.BadExpr{From: x.Pos(), To: p.safePos(x.End())}
	}
	return x
}

/*
// If x is of the form *T, deref returns T, otherwise it returns x.
func deref(x ast.Expr) ast.Expr {
	if p, isPtr := x.(*ast.StarExpr); isPtr {
		x = p.X
	}
	return x
}
*/

// If x is of the form (T), unparen returns unparen(T), otherwise it returns x.
func unparen(x ast.Expr) ast.Expr {
	if p, isParen := x.(*ast.ParenExpr); isParen {
		x = unparen(p.X)
	}
	return x
}

// checkExprOrType checks that x is an expression or a type
// (and not a raw type such as [...]T).
func (p *parser) checkExprOrType(x ast.Expr) ast.Expr {
	switch t := unparen(x).(type) {
	case *ast.ArrayType:
		if len, isEllipsis := t.Len.(*ast.Ellipsis); isEllipsis {
			p.error(len.Pos(), "expected array length, found '...'")
			x = &ast.BadExpr{From: x.Pos(), To: p.safePos(x.End())}
		}
	}
	// all other nodes are expressions or types
	return x
}

// If lhs is set and the result is an identifier, it is not resolved.
// flags support flagInLHS, flagAllowTuple, flagAllowCmd, flagAllowKwargExpr
func (p *parser) parsePrimaryExpr(iden *ast.Ident, flags int) (x ast.Expr, exprKind int) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "PrimaryExpr"))
	}

	if iden != nil {
		x = iden
	} else if x, exprKind = p.parseOperand(flags); exprKind > 0 {
		return
	}
	lhs := flags&flagInLHS != 0
	allowCmd := flags&flagAllowCmd != 0
L:
	for {
		switch p.tok {
		case token.PERIOD: // .
			p.next()
			if lhs {
				p.resolve(x)
			}
			switch p.tok {
			case token.IDENT:
				x = p.parseSelector(p.checkExprOrType(x))
			case token.LPAREN:
				x = p.parseTypeAssertion(p.checkExpr(x))
			default:
				pos := p.pos
				p.errorExpected(pos, "selector or type assertion", 2)
				p.next() // make progress
				sel := &ast.Ident{NamePos: pos, Name: "_"}
				x = &ast.SelectorExpr{X: x, Sel: sel}
			}
		case token.LBRACK: // [
			if lhs {
				p.resolve(x)
			}
			if allowCmd && p.isCmd(x) { // println [...]
				x = p.parseCallOrConversion(p.checkExprOrType(x), true)
			} else {
				x = p.parseIndexOrSlice(p.checkExpr(x))
			}
		case token.LPAREN: // (
			if lhs {
				p.resolve(x)
			}
			isCmd := allowCmd && p.isCmd(x) // println (...)
			x = p.parseCallOrConversion(p.checkExprOrType(x), isCmd)
		case token.LBRACE: // {
			if allowCmd && p.isCmd(x) { // println {...}
				x = p.parseCallOrConversion(p.checkExprOrType(x), true)
			} else {
				t := unparen(x)
				// determine if '{' belongs to a composite literal or a block statement
				switch t.(type) {
				case *ast.BadExpr, *ast.Ident, *ast.SelectorExpr:
					if p.exprLev < 0 {
						break L
					}
					// x is possibly a composite literal type
				case *ast.IndexExpr, *ast.IndexListExpr:
					if p.exprLev < 0 {
						break L
					}
					// x is possibly a composite literal type
				case *ast.ArrayType, *ast.StructType, *ast.MapType:
					// x is a composite literal type
				default:
					break L
				}
				if t != x {
					p.error(t.Pos(), "cannot parenthesize type in composite literal")
					// already progressed, no need to advance
				}
				x = p.parseLiteralValue(x)
			}
		case token.NOT: // !
			if allowCmd && p.isCmd(x) {
				x = p.parseCallOrConversion(p.checkExprOrType(x), true)
			} else {
				x = &ast.ErrWrapExpr{X: x, Tok: token.NOT, TokPos: p.pos}
				p.next()
			}
		case token.QUESTION: // ?
			x = &ast.ErrWrapExpr{X: x, Tok: p.tok, TokPos: p.pos}
			p.next()
		case token.ASSIGN: // =
			if flags&flagAllowKwargExpr != 0 {
				if name, ok := x.(*ast.Ident); ok { // name=expr
					p.next()
					val := p.parseExpr(0)
					return &ast.KwargExpr{Name: name, Value: val}, exprKwarg
				}
			}
			fallthrough
		default:
			if allowCmd && p.isCmd(x) && p.checkCmd() {
				if lhs {
					p.resolve(x)
				}
				x = p.parseCallOrConversion(p.checkExprOrType(x), true)
			} else {
				break L
			}
		}
		lhs = false // no need to try to resolve again
	}
	return
}

func (p *parser) isCmd(x ast.Expr) bool {
	switch x.(type) {
	case *ast.Ident, *ast.SelectorExpr, *ast.ErrWrapExpr:
		return x.End() != p.pos
	}
	return false
}

func (p *parser) checkCmd() bool {
	switch p.tok {
	case token.IDENT, token.DRARROW,
		token.STRING, token.CSTRING, token.PYSTRING,
		token.INT, token.FLOAT, token.IMAG, token.CHAR, token.RAT,
		token.FUNC, token.GOTO, token.TYPE, token.MAP, token.INTERFACE,
		token.CHAN, token.STRUCT, token.ENV:
		return true
	case token.SUB, token.AND, token.MUL, token.ARROW, token.XOR, token.ADD:
		oldtok, oldpos := p.tok, p.pos
		p.next()
		newpos := int(p.pos)
		p.unget(oldpos, oldtok, "")
		return int(oldpos)+len(oldtok.String()) == newpos // x -y
	}
	return false
}

// parseErrWrapExpr: expr! expr? expr?:defval
// flags support flagInLHS, flagAllowTuple, flagAllowCmd, flagAllowKwargExpr
func (p *parser) parseErrWrapExpr(flags int) (x ast.Expr, exprKind int) {
	if x, exprKind = p.parsePrimaryExpr(nil, flags); exprKind > 0 {
		return
	}
	if expr, ok := x.(*ast.ErrWrapExpr); ok {
		if p.tok == token.COLON {
			p.next()
			expr.Default, _ = p.parseUnaryExpr(0)
		}
	}
	return
}

// If lhs is set and the result is an identifier, it is not resolved.
// flags support flagInLHS, flagAllowTuple, flagAllowCmd, flagAllowKwargExpr
func (p *parser) parseUnaryExpr(flags int) (ast.Expr, int) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "UnaryExpr"))
	}

	switch p.tok {
	case token.ADD, token.SUB, token.NOT, token.XOR, token.AND:
		pos, op := p.pos, p.tok
		p.next()
		x, _ := p.parseUnaryExpr(0)
		return &ast.UnaryExpr{OpPos: pos, Op: op, X: p.checkExpr(x)}, 0

	case token.ARROW:
		// channel type or receive expression
		arrow := p.pos
		p.next()

		// If the next token is token.CHAN we still don't know if it
		// is a channel type or a receive operation - we only know
		// once we have found the end of the unary expression. There
		// are two cases:
		//
		//   <- type  => (<-type) must be channel type
		//   <- expr  => <-(expr) is a receive from an expression
		//
		// In the first case, the arrow must be re-associated with
		// the channel type parsed already:
		//
		//   <- (chan type)    =>  (<-chan type)
		//   <- (chan<- type)  =>  (<-chan (<-type))

		x, _ := p.parseUnaryExpr(0)

		// determine which case we have
		if typ, ok := x.(*ast.ChanType); ok {
			// (<-type)

			// re-associate position info and <-
			dir := ast.SEND
			for ok && dir == ast.SEND {
				if typ.Dir == ast.RECV {
					// error: (<-type) is (<-(<-chan T))
					p.errorExpected(typ.Arrow, "'chan'", 2)
				}
				arrow, typ.Begin, typ.Arrow = typ.Arrow, arrow, arrow
				dir, typ.Dir = typ.Dir, ast.RECV
				typ, ok = typ.Value.(*ast.ChanType)
			}
			if dir == ast.SEND {
				p.errorExpected(arrow, "channel type", 2)
			}

			return x, 0
		}

		// <-(expr)
		return &ast.UnaryExpr{OpPos: arrow, Op: token.ARROW, X: p.checkExpr(x)}, 0

	case token.MUL:
		// pointer type or unary "*" expression
		pos := p.pos
		p.next()
		x, _ := p.parseUnaryExpr(0)
		return &ast.StarExpr{Star: pos, X: p.checkExprOrType(x)}, 0
	}

	return p.parseErrWrapExpr(flags)
}

func (p *parser) tokPrec() (token.Token, int) {
	tok := p.tok
	if p.inRHS && tok == token.ASSIGN {
		tok = token.EQL
	}
	return tok, tok.Precedence()
}

// If lhs is set and the result is an identifier, it is not resolved.
// flags support flagInLHS, flagAllowTuple, flagAllowCmd, flagAllowKwargExpr
func (p *parser) parseBinaryExpr(prec1 int, flags int) (x ast.Expr, exprKind int) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "BinaryExpr"))
	}

	if x, exprKind = p.parseUnaryExpr(flags); exprKind > 0 {
		return
	}
	lhs := flags&flagInLHS != 0
	for {
		op, oprec := p.tokPrec()
		if oprec < prec1 {
			return
		}
		pos := p.expect(op)
		if lhs {
			p.resolve(x)
			lhs = false
		}
		y, _ := p.parseBinaryExpr(oprec+1, 0)
		x = &ast.BinaryExpr{X: p.checkExpr(x), OpPos: pos, Op: op, Y: p.checkExpr(y)}
	}
}

// flags support flagAllowTuple, flagAllowCmd, flagAllowKwargExpr
func (p *parser) parseRangeExpr(first ast.Expr, flags int) (x ast.Expr, exprKind int) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "RangeExpr"))
	}
	if p.tok != token.COLON {
		x, exprKind = p.parseBinaryExpr(token.LowestPrec+1, flags)
		if exprKind > 0 || p.tok != token.COLON { // not RangeExpr
			return
		}
	} else {
		x = first
	}
	to := p.pos
	p.next()
	high, _ := p.parseBinaryExpr(token.LowestPrec+1, 0)
	var colon2 token.Pos
	var expr3 ast.Expr
	if p.tok == token.COLON {
		colon2 = p.pos
		p.next()
		expr3, _ = p.parseBinaryExpr(token.LowestPrec+1, 0)
	}
	if debugParseOutput {
		log.Printf("ast.RangeExpr{First: %v, Last: %v, Expr3: %v}\n", x, high, expr3)
	}
	return &ast.RangeExpr{First: x, To: to, Last: high, Colon2: colon2, Expr3: expr3}, 0
}

type tupleExpr struct {
	ast.Expr
	opening  token.Pos
	items    []ast.Expr
	ellipsis token.Pos
	closing  token.Pos
}

// flags support flagAllowTuple, flagAllowCmd, flagAllowRangeExpr, flagAllowKwargExpr
func (p *parser) parseLambdaExpr(flags int) (x ast.Expr, exprKind int) {
	var first = p.pos
	if p.tok != token.DRARROW {
		if flags&flagAllowRangeExpr != 0 {
			x, exprKind = p.parseRangeExpr(nil, flagAllowTuple|flags)
		} else {
			x, exprKind = p.parseBinaryExpr(token.LowestPrec+1, flagAllowTuple|flags)
		}
		if exprKind == exprKwarg { // not a lambda
			return
		}
	}
	if p.tok == token.DRARROW { // =>
		var rarrow = p.pos
		var rhs []ast.Expr
		var body *ast.BlockStmt
		var lhsHasParen, rhsHasParen bool
		p.next()
		switch p.tok {
		case token.LPAREN: // (
			rhsHasParen = true
			p.next()
			for {
				item := p.parseExpr(0)
				rhs = append(rhs, item)
				if p.tok != token.COMMA {
					break
				}
				p.next()
			}
			p.expect(token.RPAREN)
		case token.LBRACE: // {
			body = p.parseBlockStmt()
		default:
			rhs = []ast.Expr{p.parseExpr(0)}
		}
		var lhs []*ast.Ident
		if x != nil {
			e := x
		retry:
			switch v := e.(type) {
			case *tupleExpr:
				items := make([]*ast.Ident, len(v.items))
				for i, item := range v.items {
					ident := p.toIdent(item)
					if ident == nil {
						return &ast.BadExpr{From: item.Pos(), To: p.safePos(item.End())}, 0
					}
					items[i] = ident
				}
				lhs, lhsHasParen = items, true
			case *ast.ParenExpr:
				e, lhsHasParen = v.X, true
				goto retry
			default:
				ident := p.toIdent(v)
				if ident == nil {
					return &ast.BadExpr{From: v.Pos(), To: p.safePos(v.End())}, 0
				}
				lhs = []*ast.Ident{ident}
			}
		}
		if debugParseOutput {
			log.Printf("ast.LambdaExpr{Lhs: %v}\n", lhs)
		}
		if body != nil {
			return &ast.LambdaExpr2{
				First:       first,
				Lhs:         lhs,
				Rarrow:      rarrow,
				Body:        body,
				LhsHasParen: lhsHasParen,
			}, 0
		}
		return &ast.LambdaExpr{
			First:       first,
			Last:        p.pos,
			Lhs:         lhs,
			Rarrow:      rarrow,
			Rhs:         rhs,
			LhsHasParen: lhsHasParen,
			RhsHasParen: rhsHasParen,
		}, 0
	} else if exprKind == exprTuple && flags&flagAllowTuple == 0 {
		p.error(x.(*tupleExpr).opening, msgTupleNotSupported)
		p.advance(stmtStart)
	}
	return
}

// If lhs is set and the result is an identifier, it is not resolved.
// The result may be a type or even a raw type ([...]int). Callers must
// check the result (using checkExpr or checkExprOrType), depending on
// context.
// flags support flagInLHS, flagAllowTuple, flagAllowCmd, flagAllowRangeExpr, flagAllowKwargExpr
func (p *parser) parseExprEx(flags int) (ast.Expr, int) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "Expression"))
	}
	if flags&flagInLHS != 0 {
		return p.parseBinaryExpr(token.LowestPrec+1, flags&(flagInLHS|flagAllowCmd))
	}
	return p.parseLambdaExpr(flags)
}

// flags support flagInLHS, flagAllowCmd, flagAllowRangeExpr
func (p *parser) parseExpr(flags int) ast.Expr {
	x, _ := p.parseExprEx(flags)
	return x
}

func (p *parser) parseRHS() ast.Expr {
	return p.parseRHSEx(0)
}

// flags support flagAllowRangeExpr
func (p *parser) parseRHSEx(flags int) ast.Expr {
	old := p.inRHS
	p.inRHS = true
	x := p.checkExpr(p.parseExpr(flags))
	p.inRHS = old
	return x
}

// flags support flagAllowTuple, flagAllowKwargExpr
func (p *parser) parseRHSOrTypeEx(flags int) (x ast.Expr, exprKind int) {
	old := p.inRHS
	p.inRHS = true
	x, exprKind = p.parseExprEx(flags)
	if exprKind == 0 {
		x = p.checkExprOrType(x)
	}
	p.inRHS = old
	return
}

func (p *parser) parseRHSOrType() ast.Expr {
	x, _ := p.parseRHSOrTypeEx(0)
	return x
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Statements

// Parsing modes for parseSimpleStmt.
const (
	basic = iota
	labelOk
	rangeOk
)

// parseSimpleStmt returns true as 2nd result if it parsed the assignment
// of a range clause (with mode == rangeOk). The returned statement is an
// assignment with a right-hand side that is a single unary expression of
// the form "range x". No guarantees are given for the left-hand side.
// flags support flagAllowCmd
func (p *parser) parseSimpleStmt(mode int, flags int) ast.Stmt {
	ss, _ /* isRange */ := p.parseSimpleStmtEx(mode, flags)
	return ss
}

func (p *parser) parseBranchCmdStmt(iden *ast.Ident) ast.Stmt { // XGo: goto as command
	x, _ := p.parsePrimaryExpr(iden, flagAllowCmd)
	return &ast.ExprStmt{X: x}
}

// flags support flagAllowCmd, flagAllowRangeExpr
func (p *parser) parseSimpleStmtEx(mode int, flags int) (ast.Stmt, bool) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "SimpleStmt"))
	}

	if flags&flagAllowRangeExpr != 0 && p.tok == token.COLON { // rangeExpr
		re, _ := p.parseRangeExpr(nil, 0)
		return &ast.ExprStmt{X: re}, true
	}
	x := p.parseLHSList(flags & flagAllowCmd)

	switch p.tok {
	case
		token.DEFINE, token.ASSIGN, token.ADD_ASSIGN,
		token.SUB_ASSIGN, token.MUL_ASSIGN, token.QUO_ASSIGN,
		token.REM_ASSIGN, token.AND_ASSIGN, token.OR_ASSIGN,
		token.XOR_ASSIGN, token.SHL_ASSIGN, token.SHR_ASSIGN, token.AND_NOT_ASSIGN:
		// assignment statement, possibly part of a range clause
		pos, tok := p.pos, p.tok
		p.next()
		var y []ast.Expr
		isRange := false
		if mode == rangeOk && p.tok == token.RANGE && (tok == token.DEFINE || tok == token.ASSIGN) {
			pos := p.pos
			p.next()
			y = []ast.Expr{&ast.UnaryExpr{OpPos: pos, Op: token.RANGE, X: p.parseRHSEx(flagAllowRangeExpr)}}
			isRange = true
		} else {
			y = p.parseRHSList()
		}
		as := &ast.AssignStmt{Lhs: x, TokPos: pos, Tok: tok, Rhs: y}
		if tok == token.DEFINE {
			p.shortVarDecl(as, x)
		}
		return as, isRange
	case token.IDENT: // in
		if mode != rangeOk || p.lit != "in" {
			break
		}
		fallthrough
	case token.ARROW: // <- (backward compatibility)
		if mode == rangeOk {
			return p.parseForPhraseStmtPart(x), true
		}
	}

	if len(x) > 1 {
		p.errorExpected(x[0].Pos(), "1 expression", 2)
		// continue with first expression
	}

	switch p.tok {
	case token.COLON:
		if flags&flagAllowRangeExpr != 0 {
			re, _ := p.parseRangeExpr(x[0], 0)
			return &ast.ExprStmt{X: re}, true
		}
		// labeled statement
		colon := p.pos
		p.next()
		if label, isIdent := x[0].(*ast.Ident); mode == labelOk && isIdent {
			// Go spec: The scope of a label is the body of the function
			// in which it is declared and excludes the body of any nested
			// function.
			stmt := &ast.LabeledStmt{Label: label, Colon: colon, Stmt: p.parseStmt(flags)}
			p.declare(stmt, nil, p.labelScope, ast.Lbl, label)
			return stmt, false
		}
		// The label declaration typically starts at x[0].Pos(), but the label
		// declaration may be erroneous due to a token after that position (and
		// before the ':'). If SpuriousErrors is not set, the (only) error
		// reported for the line is the illegal label error instead of the token
		// before the ':' that caused the problem. Thus, use the (latest) colon
		// position for error reporting.
		p.error(colon, "illegal label declaration")
		return &ast.BadStmt{From: x[0].Pos(), To: colon + 1}, false

	case token.ARROW:
		// send statement
		arrow := p.pos
		p.next()
		var ellipsis token.Pos
		vals := make([]ast.Expr, 1)
		vals[0] = p.parseRHS()
		if p.tok == token.ELLIPSIS { // a <- v... (issues #2107)
			ellipsis = p.pos
			p.next()
		} else {
			for p.tok == token.COMMA { // a <- v1, v2, v3 (issues #2107)
				p.next()
				vals = append(vals, p.parseRHS())
			}
		}
		return &ast.SendStmt{Chan: x[0], Arrow: arrow, Values: vals, Ellipsis: ellipsis}, false

	case token.INC, token.DEC:
		// increment or decrement
		s := &ast.IncDecStmt{X: x[0], TokPos: p.pos, Tok: p.tok}
		p.next()
		return s, false
	}

	// expression
	return &ast.ExprStmt{X: x[0]}, false
}

func (p *parser) parseCallExpr(callType string) *ast.CallExpr {
	x := p.parseRHSOrType() // could be a conversion: (some type)(x)
	if call, isCall := x.(*ast.CallExpr); isCall {
		return call
	}
	if _, isBad := x.(*ast.BadExpr); !isBad {
		// only report error if it's a new one
		p.error(p.safePos(x.End()), fmt.Sprintf("function must be invoked in %s statement", callType))
	}
	return nil
}

func (p *parser) parseGoStmt() ast.Stmt {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "GoStmt"))
	}

	pos := p.expect(token.GO)
	call := p.parseCallExpr("go")
	p.expectSemi()
	if call == nil {
		return &ast.BadStmt{From: pos, To: pos + 2} // len("go")
	}

	return &ast.GoStmt{Go: pos, Call: call}
}

func (p *parser) parseDeferStmt() ast.Stmt {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "DeferStmt"))
	}

	pos := p.expect(token.DEFER)
	call := p.parseCallExpr("defer")
	p.expectSemi()
	if call == nil {
		return &ast.BadStmt{From: pos, To: pos + 5} // len("defer")
	}

	return &ast.DeferStmt{Defer: pos, Call: call}
}

func (p *parser) parseReturnStmt() *ast.ReturnStmt {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "ReturnStmt"))
	}

	pos := p.pos
	p.expect(token.RETURN)
	var x []ast.Expr
	if p.tok != token.SEMICOLON && p.tok != token.RBRACE {
		x = p.parseRHSList()
	}
	p.expectSemi()

	return &ast.ReturnStmt{Return: pos, Results: x}
}

func (p *parser) parseBranchStmt(tok token.Token) ast.Stmt {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "BranchStmt"))
	}

	oldpos, oldlit := p.pos, p.lit // XGo: save token to allow goto() as a function
	pos := p.expect(tok)
	next := p.tok
	if next != token.IDENT && next != token.SEMICOLON { // XGo: allow goto() as a function
		p.unget(oldpos, token.IDENT, oldlit)
		s := p.parseSimpleStmt(basic, flagAllowCmd)
		p.expectSemi()
		return s
	}

	var label *ast.Ident
	if tok != token.FALLTHROUGH && next == token.IDENT {
		label = p.parseIdent()
		// add to list of unresolved targets
		n := len(p.targetStack) - 1
		p.targetStack[n] = append(p.targetStack[n], label)
	}
	if p.tok != token.SEMICOLON { // XGo: goto command
		if label != nil {
			p.unget(label.NamePos, token.IDENT, label.Name)
		}
		s := p.parseBranchCmdStmt(&ast.Ident{NamePos: oldpos, Name: oldlit})
		p.expectSemi()
		return s
	}
	p.expectSemi()

	return &ast.BranchStmt{TokPos: pos, Tok: tok, Label: label}
}

func (p *parser) makeExpr(s ast.Stmt, want string) ast.Expr {
	if s == nil {
		return nil
	}
	if es, isExpr := s.(*ast.ExprStmt); isExpr {
		return p.checkExpr(es.X)
	}
	found := "simple statement"
	if _, isAss := s.(*ast.AssignStmt); isAss {
		found = "assignment"
	}
	p.error(s.Pos(), fmt.Sprintf("expected %s, found %s (missing parentheses around composite literal?)", want, found))
	return &ast.BadExpr{From: s.Pos(), To: p.safePos(s.End())}
}

// parseIfHeader is an adjusted version of parser.header
// in cmd/compile/internal/syntax/parser.go, which has
// been tuned for better error handling.
func (p *parser) parseIfHeader() (init ast.Stmt, cond ast.Expr) {
	if p.tok == token.LBRACE {
		p.error(p.pos, "missing condition in if statement")
		cond = &ast.BadExpr{From: p.pos, To: p.pos}
		return
	}
	// p.tok != token.LBRACE

	outer := p.exprLev
	p.exprLev = -1

	if p.tok != token.SEMICOLON {
		// accept potential variable declaration but complain
		if p.tok == token.VAR {
			p.next()
			p.error(p.pos, "var declaration not allowed in 'IF' initializer")
		}
		init = p.parseSimpleStmt(basic, 0)
	}

	var condStmt ast.Stmt
	var semi struct {
		pos token.Pos
		lit string // ";" or "\n"; valid if pos.IsValid()
	}
	if p.tok != token.LBRACE {
		if p.tok == token.SEMICOLON {
			semi.pos = p.pos
			semi.lit = p.lit
			p.next()
		} else {
			p.expect(token.SEMICOLON)
		}
		if p.tok != token.LBRACE {
			condStmt = p.parseSimpleStmt(basic, 0)
		}
	} else {
		condStmt = init
		init = nil
	}

	if condStmt != nil {
		cond = p.makeExpr(condStmt, "boolean expression")
	} else if semi.pos.IsValid() {
		if semi.lit == "\n" {
			p.error(semi.pos, "unexpected newline, expecting { after if clause")
		} else {
			p.error(semi.pos, "missing condition in if statement")
		}
	}

	// make sure we have a valid AST
	if cond == nil {
		cond = &ast.BadExpr{From: p.pos, To: p.pos}
	}

	p.exprLev = outer
	return
}

func isForPhraseCondEnd(tok token.Token) bool {
	return tok == token.RBRACK || tok == token.RBRACE || tok == token.FOR
}

// parseForPhraseCond is an adjusted version of parseIfHeader
func (p *parser) parseForPhraseCond() (init ast.Stmt, cond ast.Expr) {
	if isForPhraseCondEnd(p.tok) {
		p.error(p.pos, "missing condition in for <- statement")
		cond = &ast.BadExpr{From: p.pos, To: p.pos}
		return
	}

	outer := p.exprLev
	p.exprLev = -1

	if p.tok != token.SEMICOLON {
		// accept potential variable declaration but complain
		if p.tok == token.VAR {
			p.next()
			p.error(p.pos, "var declaration not allowed in 'IF' initializer")
		}
		init = p.parseSimpleStmt(basic, 0)
	}

	var condStmt ast.Stmt
	var semi struct {
		pos token.Pos
		//lit string // ";" or "\n"; valid if pos.IsValid()
	}
	if !isForPhraseCondEnd(p.tok) {
		if p.tok == token.SEMICOLON {
			semi.pos = p.pos
			//semi.lit = p.lit
			p.next()
		} else {
			p.expect(token.SEMICOLON)
		}
		if !isForPhraseCondEnd(p.tok) {
			condStmt = p.parseSimpleStmt(basic, 0)
		}
	} else {
		condStmt = init
		init = nil
	}

	if condStmt != nil {
		cond = p.makeExpr(condStmt, "boolean expression")
	} else if semi.pos.IsValid() {
		p.error(semi.pos, "missing condition in for <- statement")
	}

	// make sure we have a valid AST
	if cond == nil {
		cond = &ast.BadExpr{From: p.pos, To: p.pos}
	}

	p.exprLev = outer
	return
}

func (p *parser) parseIfStmt() *ast.IfStmt {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "IfStmt"))
	}

	pos := p.expect(token.IF)
	p.openScope()
	defer p.closeScope()

	init, cond := p.parseIfHeader()
	body := p.parseBlockStmt()

	var elseStmt ast.Stmt
	if p.tok == token.ELSE {
		p.next()
		switch p.tok {
		case token.IF:
			elseStmt = p.parseIfStmt()
		case token.LBRACE:
			elseStmt = p.parseBlockStmt()
			p.expectSemi()
		default:
			p.errorExpected(p.pos, "if statement or block", 2)
			elseStmt = &ast.BadStmt{From: p.pos, To: p.pos}
		}
	} else {
		p.expectSemi()
	}

	return &ast.IfStmt{If: pos, Init: init, Cond: cond, Body: body, Else: elseStmt}
}

func (p *parser) parseTypeList() (list []ast.Expr) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "TypeList"))
	}

	list = append(list, p.parseType())
	for p.tok == token.COMMA {
		p.next()
		list = append(list, p.parseType())
	}

	return
}

func (p *parser) parseCaseClause(typeSwitch bool) *ast.CaseClause {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "CaseClause"))
	}

	pos := p.pos
	var list []ast.Expr
	if p.tok == token.CASE {
		p.next()
		if typeSwitch {
			list = p.parseTypeList()
		} else {
			list = p.parseRHSList()
		}
	} else {
		p.expect(token.DEFAULT)
	}

	colon := p.expect(token.COLON)
	p.openScope()
	body := p.parseStmtList()
	p.closeScope()

	return &ast.CaseClause{Case: pos, List: list, Colon: colon, Body: body}
}

func isTypeSwitchAssert(x ast.Expr) bool {
	a, ok := x.(*ast.TypeAssertExpr)
	return ok && a.Type == nil
}

func (p *parser) isTypeSwitchGuard(s ast.Stmt) bool {
	switch t := s.(type) {
	case *ast.ExprStmt:
		// x.(type)
		return isTypeSwitchAssert(t.X)
	case *ast.AssignStmt:
		// v := x.(type)
		if len(t.Lhs) == 1 && len(t.Rhs) == 1 && isTypeSwitchAssert(t.Rhs[0]) {
			switch t.Tok {
			case token.ASSIGN:
				// permit v = x.(type) but complain
				p.error(t.TokPos, "expected ':=', found '='")
				fallthrough
			case token.DEFINE:
				return true
			}
		}
	}
	return false
}

func (p *parser) parseSwitchStmt() ast.Stmt {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "SwitchStmt"))
	}

	pos := p.expect(token.SWITCH)
	p.openScope()
	defer p.closeScope()

	var s1, s2 ast.Stmt
	if p.tok != token.LBRACE {
		prevLev := p.exprLev
		p.exprLev = -1
		if p.tok != token.SEMICOLON {
			s2 = p.parseSimpleStmt(basic, 0)
		}
		if p.tok == token.SEMICOLON {
			p.next()
			s1 = s2
			s2 = nil
			if p.tok != token.LBRACE {
				// A TypeSwitchGuard may declare a variable in addition
				// to the variable declared in the initial SimpleStmt.
				// Introduce extra scope to avoid redeclaration errors:
				//
				//	switch t := 0; t := x.(T) { ... }
				//
				// (this code is not valid Go because the first t
				// cannot be accessed and thus is never used, the extra
				// scope is needed for the correct error message).
				//
				// If we don't have a type switch, s2 must be an expression.
				// Having the extra nested but empty scope won't affect it.
				p.openScope()
				defer p.closeScope()
				s2 = p.parseSimpleStmt(basic, 0)
			}
		}
		p.exprLev = prevLev
	}

	typeSwitch := p.isTypeSwitchGuard(s2)
	lbrace := p.expect(token.LBRACE)
	var list []ast.Stmt
	for p.tok == token.CASE || p.tok == token.DEFAULT {
		list = append(list, p.parseCaseClause(typeSwitch))
	}
	rbrace := p.expect(token.RBRACE)
	p.expectSemi()
	body := &ast.BlockStmt{Lbrace: lbrace, List: list, Rbrace: rbrace}

	if typeSwitch {
		return &ast.TypeSwitchStmt{Switch: pos, Init: s1, Assign: s2, Body: body}
	}

	return &ast.SwitchStmt{Switch: pos, Init: s1, Tag: p.makeExpr(s2, "switch expression"), Body: body}
}

func (p *parser) parseCommClause() *ast.CommClause {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "CommClause"))
	}

	p.openScope()
	pos := p.pos
	var comm ast.Stmt
	if p.tok == token.CASE {
		p.next()
		lhs := p.parseLHSList(0)
		if p.tok == token.ARROW {
			// SendStmt
			if len(lhs) > 1 {
				p.errorExpected(lhs[0].Pos(), "1 expression", 2)
				// continue with first expression
			}
			arrow := p.pos
			p.next()
			rhs := p.parseRHS()
			comm = &ast.SendStmt{Chan: lhs[0], Arrow: arrow, Values: []ast.Expr{rhs}}
		} else {
			// RecvStmt
			if tok := p.tok; tok == token.ASSIGN || tok == token.DEFINE {
				// RecvStmt with assignment
				if len(lhs) > 2 {
					p.errorExpected(lhs[0].Pos(), "1 or 2 expressions", 2)
					// continue with first two expressions
					lhs = lhs[0:2]
				}
				pos := p.pos
				p.next()
				rhs := p.parseRHS()
				as := &ast.AssignStmt{Lhs: lhs, TokPos: pos, Tok: tok, Rhs: []ast.Expr{rhs}}
				if tok == token.DEFINE {
					p.shortVarDecl(as, lhs)
				}
				comm = as
			} else {
				// lhs must be single receive operation
				if len(lhs) > 1 {
					p.errorExpected(lhs[0].Pos(), "1 expression", 2)
					// continue with first expression
				}
				comm = &ast.ExprStmt{X: lhs[0]}
			}
		}
	} else {
		p.expect(token.DEFAULT)
	}

	colon := p.expect(token.COLON)
	body := p.parseStmtList()
	p.closeScope()

	return &ast.CommClause{Case: pos, Comm: comm, Colon: colon, Body: body}
}

func (p *parser) parseSelectStmt() *ast.SelectStmt {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "SelectStmt"))
	}

	pos := p.expect(token.SELECT)
	lbrace := p.expect(token.LBRACE)
	var list []ast.Stmt
	for p.tok == token.CASE || p.tok == token.DEFAULT {
		list = append(list, p.parseCommClause())
	}
	rbrace := p.expect(token.RBRACE)
	p.expectSemi()
	body := &ast.BlockStmt{Lbrace: lbrace, List: list, Rbrace: rbrace}

	return &ast.SelectStmt{Select: pos, Body: body}
}

func (p *parser) parseForPhrases() (phrases []*ast.ForPhrase) {
	for {
		phrase := p.parseForPhrase()
		phrases = append(phrases, phrase)
		if p.tok != token.FOR {
			return
		}
	}
}

func (p *parser) parseForPhraseStmtPart(lhs []ast.Expr) *ast.ForPhraseStmt {
	tokPos := p.expectIn() // in
	x := p.parseExpr(flagAllowRangeExpr)
	var cond ast.Expr
	var ifPos token.Pos
	if p.tok == token.IF || p.tok == token.COMMA {
		ifPos = p.pos
		p.next()
		cond = p.parseExpr(0)
	}

	stmt := &ast.ForPhraseStmt{ForPhrase: &ast.ForPhrase{TokPos: tokPos, X: x, IfPos: ifPos, Cond: cond}}
	switch len(lhs) {
	case 1:
		stmt.Value = p.toIdent(lhs[0])
	case 2:
		stmt.Key, stmt.Value = p.toIdent(lhs[0]), p.toIdent(lhs[1])
	default:
		log.Panicln("TODO: parseForPhraseStmt - too many variables, 1 or 2 is required")
	}
	return stmt
}

func (p *parser) toIdent(e ast.Expr) *ast.Ident {
	switch v := e.(type) {
	case *ast.Ident:
		return v
	case *ast.BasicLit:
		p.errorExpected(e.Pos(), fmt.Sprintf("'IDENT', found %v", v.Value), 2)
	case *ast.NumberUnitLit:
		p.errorExpected(e.Pos(), fmt.Sprintf("'IDENT', found %v", v.Value+v.Unit), 2)
	default:
		p.errorExpected(e.Pos(), "'IDENT'", 2)
	}
	return nil
}

func (p *parser) parseForPhrase() *ast.ForPhrase { // for k, v in container if cond
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "ForPhrase"))
	}

	pos := p.expect(token.FOR)
	p.openScope()
	defer p.closeScope()

	var k, v *ast.Ident
	v = p.parseIdent()
	if p.tok == token.COMMA { // k, v
		p.next()
		k, v = v, p.parseIdent()
	}

	tokPos := p.expectIn() // in container
	x := p.parseExpr(flagAllowRangeExpr)
	var init ast.Stmt
	var cond ast.Expr
	var ifPos token.Pos
	if p.tok == token.IF || p.tok == token.COMMA { // `condition` or `init; condition`
		ifPos = p.pos
		p.next()
		init, cond = p.parseForPhraseCond()
	}
	return &ast.ForPhrase{For: pos, Key: k, Value: v, TokPos: tokPos, X: x, IfPos: ifPos, Init: init, Cond: cond}
}

func (p *parser) parseForStmt() ast.Stmt {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "ForStmt"))
	}

	pos := p.expect(token.FOR)
	p.openScope()
	defer p.closeScope()

	var s1, s2, s3 ast.Stmt
	var isRange bool
	if p.tok != token.LBRACE {
		prevLev := p.exprLev
		p.exprLev = -1
		if p.tok != token.SEMICOLON {
			if p.tok == token.RANGE {
				// "for range x" (nil lhs in assignment)
				pos := p.pos
				p.next()
				y := []ast.Expr{&ast.UnaryExpr{OpPos: pos, Op: token.RANGE, X: p.parseRHSEx(flagAllowRangeExpr)}}
				s2 = &ast.AssignStmt{Rhs: y}
				isRange = true
			} else {
				s2, isRange = p.parseSimpleStmtEx(rangeOk, flagAllowRangeExpr)
			}
		}
		if !isRange && p.tok == token.SEMICOLON {
			p.next()
			s1 = s2
			s2 = nil
			if p.tok != token.SEMICOLON {
				s2 = p.parseSimpleStmt(basic, 0)
			}
			p.expectSemi()
			if p.tok != token.LBRACE {
				s3 = p.parseSimpleStmt(basic, 0)
			}
		}
		p.exprLev = prevLev
	}

	body := p.parseBlockStmt()
	p.expectSemi()

	if isRange {
		switch stmt := s2.(type) {
		case *ast.ForPhraseStmt:
			stmt.For = pos
			stmt.Body = body
			return stmt
		case *ast.ExprStmt:
			return &ast.RangeStmt{
				For:       pos,
				X:         stmt.X,
				Body:      body,
				NoRangeOp: true,
			}
		}
		as := s2.(*ast.AssignStmt)
		// check lhs
		var key, value ast.Expr
		switch len(as.Lhs) {
		case 0:
			// nothing to do
		case 1:
			key = as.Lhs[0]
		case 2:
			key, value = as.Lhs[0], as.Lhs[1]
		default:
			p.errorExpected(as.Lhs[len(as.Lhs)-1].Pos(), "at most 2 expressions", 2)
			return &ast.BadStmt{From: pos, To: p.safePos(body.End())}
		}
		// parseSimpleStmt returned a right-hand side that
		// is a single unary expression of the form "range x"
		x := as.Rhs[0].(*ast.UnaryExpr).X
		return &ast.RangeStmt{
			For:    pos,
			Key:    key,
			Value:  value,
			TokPos: as.TokPos,
			Tok:    as.Tok,
			X:      x,
			Body:   body,
		}
	}

	// regular for statement
	return &ast.ForStmt{
		For:  pos,
		Init: s1,
		Cond: p.makeExpr(s2, "boolean or range expression"),
		Post: s3,
		Body: body,
	}
}

// flags support flagAllowCmd
func (p *parser) parseStmt(flags int) (s ast.Stmt) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "Statement"))
	}

	switch p.tok {
	case token.TYPE:
		s = &ast.DeclStmt{Decl: p.parseGenDecl(p.tok, p.parseTypeSpec)}
	case token.CONST, token.VAR:
		s = &ast.DeclStmt{Decl: p.parseGenDecl(p.tok, p.parseValueSpec)}
	case
		// tokens that may start an expression
		token.INT, token.FLOAT, token.IMAG, token.RAT, token.CHAR, token.STRING, token.CSTRING, token.PYSTRING, token.FUNC, token.LPAREN, // operands
		token.ADD, token.SUB, token.MUL, token.AND, token.XOR, token.ARROW, token.NOT, token.ENV, // unary operators
		token.LBRACK, token.STRUCT, token.CHAN, token.INTERFACE: // composite types
		flags = 0
		fallthrough
	case token.IDENT, token.MAP: // operands
		s = p.parseSimpleStmt(labelOk, flags)
		// because of the required look-ahead, labeled statements are
		// parsed by parseSimpleStmt - don't expect a semicolon after
		// them
		if _, isLabeledStmt := s.(*ast.LabeledStmt); !isLabeledStmt {
			p.expectSemi()
		}
	case token.GO:
		s = p.parseGoStmt()
	case token.DEFER:
		s = p.parseDeferStmt()
	case token.RETURN:
		s = p.parseReturnStmt()
	case token.BREAK, token.CONTINUE, token.GOTO, token.FALLTHROUGH:
		s = p.parseBranchStmt(p.tok)
	case token.LBRACE:
		s = p.parseBlockStmt()
		p.expectSemi()
	case token.IF:
		s = p.parseIfStmt()
	case token.SWITCH:
		s = p.parseSwitchStmt()
	case token.SELECT:
		s = p.parseSelectStmt()
	case token.FOR:
		s = p.parseForStmt()
	case token.SEMICOLON:
		// Is it ever possible to have an implicit semicolon
		// producing an empty statement in a valid program?
		// (handle correctly anyway)
		s = &ast.EmptyStmt{Semicolon: p.pos, Implicit: p.lit == "\n"}
		p.next()
	case token.RBRACE:
		// a semicolon may be omitted before a closing "}"
		s = &ast.EmptyStmt{Semicolon: p.pos, Implicit: true}
	default:
		// no statement found
		pos := p.pos
		p.errorExpected(pos, "statement", 2)
		p.advance(stmtStart)
		s = &ast.BadStmt{From: pos, To: p.pos}
	}

	return
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Declarations

type parseSpecFunction func(doc *ast.CommentGroup, keyword token.Token, iota int) ast.Spec

func isValidImport(lit string) bool {
	const illegalChars = `!"#$%&'()*,:;<=>?[\]^{|}` + "`\uFFFD"
	s, _ := strconv.Unquote(lit) // go/scanner returns a legal string literal
	for _, r := range s {
		if !unicode.IsGraphic(r) || unicode.IsSpace(r) || strings.ContainsRune(illegalChars, r) {
			return false
		}
	}
	return s != ""
}

func (p *parser) parseImportSpec(doc *ast.CommentGroup, _ token.Token, _ int) ast.Spec {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "ImportSpec"))
	}

	var ident *ast.Ident
	switch p.tok {
	case token.PERIOD:
		ident = &ast.Ident{NamePos: p.pos, Name: "."}
		p.next()
	case token.IDENT:
		ident = p.parseIdent()
	}

	pos := p.pos
	var path string
	if p.tok == token.STRING {
		path = p.lit
		if !isValidImport(path) {
			p.error(pos, "invalid import path: "+path)
		}
		p.next()
	} else {
		p.expect(token.STRING) // use expect() error handling
	}
	p.expectSemi() // call before accessing p.linecomment

	// collect imports
	spec := &ast.ImportSpec{
		Doc:     doc,
		Name:    ident,
		Path:    &ast.BasicLit{ValuePos: pos, Kind: token.STRING, Value: path},
		Comment: p.lineComment,
	}
	p.imports = append(p.imports, spec)

	return spec
}

func (p *parser) inClassFile() bool {
	return p.mode&ParseGoPlusClass != 0
}

func (p *parser) parseValueSpec(doc *ast.CommentGroup, keyword token.Token, iota int) ast.Spec {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, keyword.String()+"Spec"))
	}

	pos := p.pos
	var idents []*ast.Ident
	var typ ast.Expr
	var tag *ast.BasicLit
	var values []ast.Expr
	if p.inClassFile() && p.topScope == p.pkgScope && keyword == token.VAR && p.varDeclCnt == 1 {
		var starPos token.Pos
		if p.tok == token.MUL {
			starPos = p.pos
			p.next()
		}
		ident := p.parseIdent()
		if p.tok == token.PERIOD {
			p.next()
			typ = &ast.SelectorExpr{
				X:   ident,
				Sel: p.parseIdent(),
			}
			if starPos != token.NoPos {
				typ = &ast.StarExpr{
					Star: starPos,
					X:    typ,
				}
			}
		} else if starPos != token.NoPos {
			typ = &ast.StarExpr{
				Star: starPos,
				X:    ident,
			}
		} else {
			idents = append(idents, ident)
			for p.tok == token.COMMA {
				p.next()
				idents = append(idents, p.parseIdent())
			}
			typ = p.tryType()
			if len(idents) == 1 && typ == nil {
				typ = ident
				idents = nil
			}
			if p.tok == token.ASSIGN {
				p.error(p.pos, "syntax error: cannot assign value to field in class file")
			}
		}
		if p.tok == token.STRING {
			tag = &ast.BasicLit{ValuePos: p.pos, Kind: p.tok, Value: p.lit}
			p.next()
		}
		p.expect(token.SEMICOLON)
	} else {
		idents = p.parseIdentList()
		typ = p.tryType()
		// always permit optional initialization for more tolerant parsing
		if p.tok == token.ASSIGN {
			p.next()
			values = p.parseRHSList()
		}
		p.expectSemi() // call before accessing p.linecomment
	}

	switch keyword {
	case token.VAR:
		if typ == nil && values == nil {
			p.error(pos, "missing variable type or initialization")
		}
	case token.CONST:
		if values == nil && (iota == 0 || typ != nil) {
			p.error(pos, "missing constant value")
		}
	}
	// Go spec: The scope of a constant or variable identifier declared inside
	// a function begins at the end of the ConstSpec or VarSpec and ends at
	// the end of the innermost containing block.
	// (Global identifiers are resolved in a separate phase after parsing.)
	spec := &ast.ValueSpec{
		Doc:     doc,
		Names:   idents,
		Type:    typ,
		Tag:     tag,
		Values:  values,
		Comment: p.lineComment,
	}
	kind := ast.Con
	if keyword == token.VAR {
		kind = ast.Var
	}
	p.declare(spec, iota, p.topScope, kind, idents...)

	return spec
}

func (p *parser) parseTypeSpec(doc *ast.CommentGroup, _ token.Token, _ int) ast.Spec {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "TypeSpec"))
	}

	ident := p.parseIdent()

	// Go spec: The scope of a type identifier declared inside a function begins
	// at the identifier in the TypeSpec and ends at the end of the innermost
	// containing block.
	// (Global identifiers are resolved in a separate phase after parsing.)
	spec := &ast.TypeSpec{Doc: doc, Name: ident}
	p.declare(spec, nil, p.topScope, ast.Typ, ident)
	if p.tok == token.ASSIGN {
		spec.Assign = p.pos
		p.next()
	}
	spec.Type = p.parseType()
	p.expectSemi() // call before accessing p.linecomment
	spec.Comment = p.lineComment

	return spec
}

func (p *parser) parseGenDecl(keyword token.Token, f parseSpecFunction) *ast.GenDecl {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "GenDecl("+keyword.String()+")"))
	}
	if keyword == token.VAR {
		p.varDeclCnt++
	}
	doc := p.leadComment
	pos := p.expect(keyword)
	var lparen, rparen token.Pos
	var list []ast.Spec
	if p.tok == token.LPAREN {
		lparen = p.pos
		p.next()
		for iota := 0; p.tok != token.RPAREN && p.tok != token.EOF; iota++ {
			list = append(list, f(p.leadComment, keyword, iota))
		}
		rparen = p.expect(token.RPAREN)
		p.expectSemi()
	} else {
		list = append(list, f(nil, keyword, 0))
	}

	return &ast.GenDecl{
		Doc:    doc,
		TokPos: pos,
		Tok:    keyword,
		Lparen: lparen,
		Specs:  list,
		Rparen: rparen,
	}
}

func isOverloadOp(tok token.Token) bool {
	return int(tok) < len(overloadOps) && overloadOps[tok] != 0
}

// `funcName`
// `(*T).methodName`
// `func(params) results {...}`
func (p *parser) parseOverloadFunc() (ast.Expr, bool) {
	switch p.tok {
	case token.IDENT:
		return p.parseIdent(), true
	case token.FUNC:
		return p.parseFuncTypeOrLit(), true
	case token.LPAREN:
		x, _ := p.parsePrimaryExpr(nil, 0)
		return x, true
	}
	return nil, false
}

// `= (overloadFuncs)`
//
// here overloadFunc represents
//
// `funcName`
// `(*T).methodName`
// `func(params) results {...}`
func (p *parser) parseOverloadDecl(decl *ast.OverloadFuncDecl) *ast.OverloadFuncDecl {
	decl.Assign = p.expect(token.ASSIGN)
	decl.Lparen = p.expect(token.LPAREN)
	funcs := make([]ast.Expr, 0, 4)
	for {
		f, ok := p.parseOverloadFunc()
		if !ok {
			break
		}
		funcs = append(funcs, f)
		if p.tok == token.SEMICOLON {
			p.next()
		}
	}
	decl.Funcs = funcs
	decl.Rparen = p.expect(token.RPAREN)
	p.expectSemi()
	if debugParseOutput {
		var recvt ast.Expr
		if recv := decl.Recv; recv != nil {
			recvt = recv.List[0].Type
		}
		log.Printf("ast.OverloadFuncDecl{Recv: %v, Name: %v, ...}\n", recvt, decl.Name)
	}
	return decl
}

// `func identOrOp(params) results {...}`
// `func identOrOp = (overloadFuncs)`
//
// `func T.ident(params) results { ... }`
// `func .ident(params) results { ... }` (only in classfile)
//
// `func (recv) identOrOp(params) results { ... }`
// `func (T).identOrOp = (overloadFuncs)`
// `func (params) results { ... }()`
func (p *parser) parseFuncDeclOrCall() (ast.Decl, *ast.CallExpr) {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "FunctionDeclOrCall"))
	}

	doc := p.leadComment
	pos := p.expect(token.FUNC)
	scope := ast.NewScope(p.topScope) // function scope

	var recv, params, results *ast.FieldList
	var ident *ast.Ident
	var isOp, isStatic, isFunLit, ok bool

	switch p.tok {
	case token.LPAREN:
		// method: `func (recv) identOrOp(params) results { ... }`
		// overload: `func (T).identOrOp = (overloadFuncs)`
		// funlit: `func (params) results { ... }()`
		params = p.parseParameters(scope, true)
		if p.tok == token.LPAREN {
			// func (params) (results) { ... }()
			isFunLit, results = true, p.parseParameters(scope, false)
		} else if p.tok == token.PERIOD {
			p.next()
			// func (T).identOrOp = (overloadFuncs)
			ident, isOp = p.parseIdentOrOp()
			return p.parseOverloadDecl(&ast.OverloadFuncDecl{
				Doc:      doc,
				Func:     pos,
				Recv:     params,
				Name:     ident,
				Operator: isOp,
			}), nil
		} else if isOp = isOverloadOp(p.tok); isOp {
			oldtok, oldpos, oldlit := p.tok, p.pos, p.lit
			p.next()
			if p.tok == token.LPAREN {
				// func (recv) op(params) results { ... }
				recv, ident = params, &ast.Ident{NamePos: oldpos, Name: oldtok.String()}
				params, results = p.parseSignature(scope)
			} else {
				// func (params) typ { ... }()
				p.unget(oldpos, oldtok, oldlit)
				typ := p.tryType()
				if typ == nil {
					p.errorExpected(oldpos, "type", 1)
					p.next()
					typ = &ast.BadExpr{From: oldpos, To: p.pos}
				}
				isFunLit, results = true, &ast.FieldList{List: []*ast.Field{{Type: typ}}}
			}
		} else if typ := p.tryType(); typ == nil {
			// func (params) { ... }()
			isFunLit = true
		} else if ident, ok = typ.(*ast.Ident); ok && p.tok == token.LPAREN {
			// func (recv) ident(params) results { ... }
			recv = params
			params, results = p.parseSignature(scope)
		} else {
			// func (params) typ { ... }()
			isFunLit, results = true, &ast.FieldList{List: []*ast.Field{{Type: typ}}}
		}
		if isFunLit {
			body := p.parseBody(scope)
			funLit := &ast.FuncLit{
				Type: &ast.FuncType{
					Func:    pos,
					Params:  params,
					Results: results,
				},
				Body: body,
			}
			call := p.parseCallOrConversion(funLit, false)
			p.expectSemi()
			return nil, call
		}
	case token.PERIOD:
		// func .ident(...) results (only in classfile)
		if p.inClassFile() {
			p.next()
			recv = &ast.FieldList{}
			isStatic = true
		}
		ident = p.parseIdent()
		params, results = p.parseSignature(scope)
	default:
		// func: `func identOrOp(...) results`
		// overload: `func identOrOp = (overloadFuncs)`
		// static method: `func T.ident(...) results`
		ident, isOp = p.parseIdentOrOp()
		switch p.tok {
		case token.ASSIGN:
			// func identOrOp = (overloadFuncs)
			return p.parseOverloadDecl(&ast.OverloadFuncDecl{
				Doc:      doc,
				Func:     pos,
				Name:     ident,
				Operator: isOp,
			}), nil
		case token.PERIOD:
			// func T.ident(...) results
			if !isOp {
				p.next()
				recv = &ast.FieldList{List: []*ast.Field{{Type: ident}}}
				ident = p.parseIdent()
				isStatic = true
			}
		}
		params, results = p.parseSignature(scope)
	}

	if isOp {
		if params == nil || len(params.List) != 1 {
			p.error(ident.Pos(), "overload operator can only have one parameter")
		}
	}
	var body *ast.BlockStmt
	if p.tok == token.LBRACE {
		body = p.parseBody(scope)
		p.expectSemi()
	} else if p.tok == token.SEMICOLON {
		p.next()
		if p.tok == token.LBRACE {
			// opening { of function declaration on next line
			p.error(p.pos, "unexpected semicolon or newline before {")
			body = p.parseBody(scope)
			p.expectSemi()
		}
	} else {
		p.expectSemi()
	}

	decl := &ast.FuncDecl{
		Doc:  doc,
		Recv: recv,
		Name: ident,
		Type: &ast.FuncType{
			Func:    pos,
			Params:  params,
			Results: results,
		},
		Body:     body,
		Operator: isOp,
		Static:   isStatic,
	}
	if recv == nil {
		// Go spec: The scope of an identifier denoting a constant, type,
		// variable, or function (but not method) declared at top level
		// (outside any function) is the package block.
		//
		// init() functions cannot be referred to and there may
		// be more than one - don't put them in the pkgScope
		if ident.Name != "init" {
			p.declare(decl, nil, p.pkgScope, ast.Fun, ident)
		}
	}
	if debugParseOutput {
		log.Printf("ast.FuncDecl{Name: %v, ...}\n", ident.Name)
	}
	return decl, nil
}

func (p *parser) parseDecl(sync map[token.Token]bool) ast.Decl {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "Declaration"))
	}
	var f parseSpecFunction
	pos := p.pos
	switch p.tok {
	case token.CONST, token.VAR:
		f = p.parseValueSpec
	case token.TYPE:
		f = p.parseTypeSpec
	case token.FUNC:
		decl, call := p.parseFuncDeclOrCall()
		if decl != nil {
			if p.errors.Len() != 0 {
				p.advance(sync)
			}
			return decl
		}
		return p.parseGlobalStmts(sync, pos, &ast.ExprStmt{X: call})
	default:
		return p.parseGlobalStmts(sync, pos)
	}
	return p.parseGenDecl(p.tok, f)
}

func (p *parser) parseGlobalStmts(sync map[token.Token]bool, pos token.Pos, stmts ...ast.Stmt) *ast.FuncDecl {
	p.topScope = ast.NewScope(p.topScope)
	doc := p.leadComment
	p.openLabelScope()
	list := p.parseStmtList()
	p.closeLabelScope()
	p.closeScope()
	if stmts != nil {
		list = append(stmts, list...)
	}
	if p.errors.Len() != 0 { // TODO(xsw): error
		p.advance(sync)
	}
	if p.tok != token.EOF {
		p.errorExpected(p.pos, "statement", 2)
	}

	// Determine appropriate positions for the block statement
	// Use file beginning position as fallback when no statements are available
	startPos := pos
	endPos := p.pos
	if len(list) > 0 {
		startPos = list[0].Pos()
		endPos = list[len(list)-1].End()
	}
	return &ast.FuncDecl{
		Name: ast.NewIdentEx(pos, "main", ast.ImplicitFun),
		Doc:  doc,
		Type: &ast.FuncType{
			Func:   pos,
			Params: &ast.FieldList{},
		},
		Body: &ast.BlockStmt{
			Lbrace: startPos,
			List:   list,
			Rbrace: endPos,
		},
		Shadow: true,
	}
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Source files

func (p *parser) parseFile() *ast.File {
	if p.trace {
		defer un(trace(p, "File"))
	}

	// Don't bother parsing the rest if we had errors scanning the first token.
	// Likely not a Go source file at all.
	if p.errors.Len() != 0 {
		return nil
	}

	var noPkgDecl bool
	// package clause
	doc := p.leadComment
	var pos token.Pos
	var ident *ast.Ident
	if p.tok == token.PACKAGE {
		pos = p.expect(token.PACKAGE)
		// Go spec: The package clause is not a declaration;
		// the package name does not appear in any scope.
		ident = p.parseIdent()
		if ident.Name == "_" && p.mode&DeclarationErrors != 0 {
			p.error(p.pos, "invalid package name _")
		}
		p.expectSemi()

		// Don't bother parsing the rest if we had errors parsing the package clause.
		// Likely not a Go source file at all.
		if p.errors.Len() != 0 {
			return nil
		}
	} else {
		noPkgDecl = true
		pos = token.NoPos
		ident = ast.NewIdentEx(p.file.Pos(0), "main", ast.ImplicitPkg)
	}

	p.openScope()
	p.pkgScope = p.topScope
	var decls []ast.Decl
	var shadowEntry *ast.FuncDecl
	if p.mode&PackageClauseOnly == 0 {
		// import decls
		for p.tok == token.IMPORT {
			decls = append(decls, p.parseGenDecl(token.IMPORT, p.parseImportSpec))
		}

		if p.mode&ImportsOnly == 0 {
			// rest of package body
			for p.tok != token.EOF {
				decls = append(decls, p.parseDecl(declStart))
			}
			if n := len(decls); n > 0 {
				if f, ok := decls[n-1].(*ast.FuncDecl); ok && f.Shadow {
					shadowEntry = f
				}
			}
		}
	}
	p.closeScope()
	assert(p.topScope == nil, "unbalanced scopes")
	assert(p.labelScope == nil, "unbalanced label scopes")

	return &ast.File{
		Doc:         doc,
		Package:     pos,
		Name:        ident,
		Decls:       decls,
		Imports:     p.imports,
		Comments:    p.comments,
		ShadowEntry: shadowEntry,
		NoPkgDecl:   noPkgDecl,
	}
}
